01_Research&Assessment_STATISTICS

Question 6

What is Regression Analysis?

Answer 6

A statistic that provides an estimate of one variable based upon other variables

Question 7

How do you calculate what the population size is predicted to be in 6 months?

Data:
Current population = 3000
Monthly births = 400
Monthly deaths = 150

Answer 7

1. Calculate birth rate (400/3000 = 0.13333)
2. Calculate death rate (150/3000 = 0.05)
3. Calculate the overall rate of change by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate (0.13333-0.05 = 0.083)
4. Calculate the change in population over time
   ~(3,000 *1.0833 = 3,249.9) Month 1
   ~(3,249.9 *1.0833 = 3520.6) Month 2
   ~(3520.6 *1.0833 = 3813.9) Month 3
   ~(3813.9 *1.0833 = 4131.6) Month 4
   ~(4131.6 *1.0833 = 4475.7) Month 5
   ~(4475.7 *1.0833 = 4848.6 ) Month 6
5. Round up to 5000

Question 8

What is Regression Analysis?

Answer 8

Analysis of the relationship between two variables

Question 9

What is the difference between the lowest and highest score on an exam?

Answer 9

Range

Question 10

What is the Coefficient of Correlation?

Answer 10

Measures the degree to which two variables are related

Question 11

What is the Cohort Survival Projection Method?

Answer 11

-method for forecasting future population based upon the survival of the existing population and the births that will occur.

-typically it involves five-year increments

Question 12

What is correlation?

Answer 12

-strength of a “linear” relationship

-very similar (but not identical) to the slope of a regression between the two variables

-“strong” correlation would be a value close to either +1 or -1

-“weak” correlation would be a value close to 0.

Question 13

Between 1960 and 2010, nationally marriage rates have

Answer 13

Declined from 72 percent to 51 percent

Question 14

What is the Cohort Survival Projection Method?

Answer 14

-method for forecasting future population based upon the survival of the existing population and the births that will occur.

-typically it involves five-year increments

Question 15

In data analysis, what is oversampling?

Answer 15

-Overrepresenting certain historically underrepresented populations in data collection

-Goal: achieving representative results.

Question 16

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 16

-tendency to choose earlier answers in a list of elaborated options

(When provided with a list of responses in a closed-ended survey question, respondents are more likely to choose earlier options)

Question 17

What is Recall Bias?

Answer 17

-occurs when interviewees present incorrect accounts or inaccurate data due to shortcomings of their own memory.

-could easily happen in an interview setting

Question 18

What is Survivorship Bias?

Answer 18

when a visible successful subgroup is mistaken as the entire group.

Question 19

What is Loss Aversion?

Answer 19

cognitive bias that describes why the pain of losing is psychologically twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining

Question 20

What is Selection Bias?

Answer 20

occurs when individuals or groups in a study differ systematically from the population of interest

Question 21

What is stratified random sampling?

Answer 21

-division of a population into smaller subgroups known as strata.

-strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or characteristics, such as income or educational attainment

Question 22

What is cluster sampling?

Answer 22

-Probability sampling method

-Divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools

-Then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample.

(clusters should each be mini-representations of the population as a whole)

Question 23

What is systematic random sampling?

Answer 23

-probability sampling method

-random sample, with a fixed periodic interval, is selected from a larger population

-e.g. every third person is sampled

Question 24

What is Symptomatic Population Estimating?

Answer 24

using local data such as utility connections or building permits to estimate the current population.

Question 25

What is Translational Research?

Answer 25

aims to make findings from basic science useful for practical applications

Question 26

If you had information on the age distribution of the population over time, which population projection method should you use?

Answer 26

Cohort Survival

Question 27

Why should you select a random sample from a large population?

Answer 27

To provide an approximation of the characteristics of the population

Question 28

An analysis of the relationship between one or more variables to determine if the factors impact the dependent variable is called:

Answer 28

Regression analysis

Question 29

What are the top five U.S. Census Bureau household surveys?

Answer 29

American Community Survey
American Household Survey
Current Population Survey

National Health Interview Survey
National Crime Victimization Survey

Question 30

Why is a random sample from a population desirable?

Answer 30

they get close to the characteristics of a population at a minimum cost.

Question 31

The range is a proper summary of the spread in the distribution of {blank} data and {blank} data

Answer 31

interval; ratio

Question 32

Scenario

The City is considering several different interventions to prevent foreclosures.

-They want to understand the degree to which a combination of one-time grants to homeowners to catch up on mortgage payments, placing a temporary three year freeze on property taxes, and homeowner counseling are working and whether they are reducing the foreclosure rate among those they are helping.

*Which of the following is the best statistical technique to understand this relationship?

Answer 32

Regression Analysis would help to understand the degree of influence of these programs.

Question 33

A {blank} has the population divided into {blank} according to variables that are thought to be related to the variables of interest. Then a sample is taken from every {blank}.

Answer 33

stratified sample; strata; stratum

Question 34

ACS data are {blank}; the Coefficient of Variation must not exceed {blank} percent

Answer 34

estimates; 15

Question 35

Qualitative research is not appropriate for understanding {blank}

Answer 35

generalized trends

Question 36

What is another name for nominal data?

Answer 36

Categories

Question 37

A median is a proper summary of the central tendency of what types of data?

Answer 37

-ordinal
-interval
-ratio

Question 38

What two data categories are qualitative?

Answer 38

Nominal (categories) and ordinal (ordered categories)

Question 39

What two data categories are quantitative?

Answer 39

Interval (differences between measurements, no true zero) and ratio (differences between measurements, true zero)

Question 40

What is a multiplier analysis?

Answer 40

-used to project the number of jobs created or lost.

Question 41

If an industry had a multiplier 1.5 and 100 jobs were lost directly in the industry another {blank} would be lost in the rest of the economy.

Answer 41

50

Question 42

Qualitative research typically involves a {blank} written report, not a {blank} one.

Answer 42

flexible; structured

Question 43

What is a t-test?

Answer 43

test on the difference in means between two subgroups

(null hypothesis would be that the mean scores for the two groups are the same)

Question 44

By 2045, what percentage of the population in the United States will be made up of minorities?

Answer 44

over half

Question 45

{blank} are about rejecting the null hypothesis, never proving it.

Answer 45

Inferential statistics