03. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
The Cardiovascular System
The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to carry what 2 things TO the cells in the body
A
- OXYGEN
- NUTRIENTS
pg 56
2
Q
The Cardiovascular System
The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to carry what FROM the cells in the body
A
CO2
pg 56
3
Q
The Cardiovascular System
The cardiocascular system compromises of 2 core elements, which are
A
- HEART (pump)
- BLOOD VESSELS (interconnected channels)
pg 56
4
Q
The Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels are divided into what 4 categories
A
- ARTERIES
- ARTERIOLES
- CAPILLARIES
- VEINS
Arteries - main trunk
Arterioles - smaller branches of arteries
Capillaries - smallest blood vessels
Veins - drain deoxygenated blood
pg 56
5
Q
The Cardiovascular System
There are ____ as many veins than arteries
A
TWICE
pg 56
6
Q
Composition of Blood
Blood is comprised of a fluid called what
A
PLASMA
pg 58
7
Q
Composition of Blood
RED BLOOD CELLS carry what around the body
A
OXYGEN
pg 58
8
Q
Composition of Blood
What is suspended in plasma and carries oxygen around the body
A
RED BLOOD CELLS
pg 58
9
Q
Composition of Blood
What is suspended in plasma and fights infection in the body
A
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
pg 58
10
Q
Composition of Blood
What is suspended in plasma and helps repair blood vessels after injury
A
PLATELETS
pg 58
11
Q
Composition of Blood
What 3 things does the plasma have suspended in it
A
- RED BLOOD CELLS
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- PLATELETS
pg 58
12
Q
Composition of Blood
What is the purpose of RED BLOOD CELLS
A
CARRY OXYGEN AROUND BODY
pg 58
13
Q
Composition of Blood
What is the purpose of WHITE BLOOD CELLS
A
FIGHT INFECTION
pg 58
14
Q
Composition of Blood
What is the purpose of PLATELETS
A
REPAIR BLOOD VESSELS
pg 58
15
Q
Composition of Blood
How many days is the typical life of a blood cell
A
120 days
pg 58
16
Q
Composition of Blood
The normal resting output of the heart is how many litres of blood per minute
A
5 LTR per MIN
pg 59
17
Q
Composition of Blood
Why are RED BLOOD CELLS so effective at carrying around oxygen
A
HAEMOGLOBIN
pg 59
18
Q
Composition of Blood
How many molecules of O2 can one molecule of HAEMOGLOBIN carry
A
4 MOLECULES
pg 59
19
Q
Composition of Blood
How does oxygen enter into the plasma
A
ALVEOLI via LUNGS
pg 59 / pg 63
20
Q
Composition of Blood
What colour is HAEMOGLOBIN when fully saturated with oxygen
A
RED
pg 60
21
Q
Composition of Blood
What colour is HAEMOGLOBIN when it loses its oxygen
A
DARK PURPLE
pg 60
22
Q
Composition of Blood
What does the term CYANOSIS describe
A
BLUE COLOUR of LIPS and EXTREMITIES when someone is suffering from HYPOXIA
pg 60
23
Q
Composition of Blood
What term is used to describe someone suffering from HYPOXIA and exhibiting blue lips and extremities
A
CYANOSIS
pg 60
24
Q
Composition of Blood
Someone with an excessively low number of red blood cells or reduced haemoglobin levels or both suffers from what condition
A
ANAEMIA
pg 61
25
# Composition of Blood
Someone suffering from *ANAEMIA* has excessively low what
RED BLOOD CELLS, HAEMOGLOBIN, or BOTH
## Footnote
pg 61
26
# Composition of Blood
*HAEMOGLOBIN* is rich in what mineral
IRON
## Footnote
pg 61
27
# Composition of Blood
An iron deficiency can result in insufficient what
OXYGEN SUPPLY to CELLS
## Footnote
pg 61
28
# Composition of Blood
2 common causes of iron deficiency are what
1. PEPTIC ULCER
2. PREGNANCY
## Footnote
pg 61
29
# Composition of Blood
In medical terms;
____ means long lasting
____ means short duration
1. CHRONIC
2. ACUTE
## Footnote
pg 61
30
# Composition of Blood
In medical terms;
*CHRONIC* means ____
*ACUTE* means ____
1. LONG LASTING
2. SHORT DURATION
## Footnote
pg 61
31
# Composition of Blood
After blood loss, *BLOOD PLASMA* restores *QUICKLY or SLOWLY*
QUICKLY
## Footnote
pg 61
32
# Composition of Blood
After blood loss, *RED BLOOD CELLS* restore *QUICKLY or SLOWLY*
SLOWLY
## Footnote
pg 61
33
# Composition of Blood
Why are time limits imposed on flying after donating blood
RED BLOOD CELLS restore SLOWLY
Red blood cells carry oxygenated blood around the body, but restore slowly after blood loss
## Footnote
pg 61
34
A chronic form of anaemia is known as what
SICKLE-CELL ANAEMIA
## Footnote
pg 61
35
# Composition of Blood
*CARBON MONOXIDE* is how many times more likely to bind with haemoglobin than O2
200 TIMES
## Footnote
pg 62
36
# Composition of Blood
A victim of carbon monoxide poisoning suffering from hypoxia will not display signs of ____.
Instead, the persons face will appear ____.
1. CYANOSIS
2. FLUSHED RED
## Footnote
pg 62
37
# Composition of Blood
The most common source of carbon monoxide is what
CIGARETTE SMOKE
## Footnote
pg 62
38
# The Circulation
What is the definition of PULMONARY CIRCULATION
## Footnote
i.e. what is it supplying, and from what to what
DEDICATED CIRCUIT
DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD
RIGHT side of HEART --> LUNGS
via PULMONARY ARTERY
## Footnote
The pulmonary circulation is a dedicated circuit which supplies deoxygenated blood directly from the right side of the heart tot he lings via the pulmonary artery
pg 63
39
# The Circulation
How does oxygenated blood leaving the lungs flow back to the heart
via PULMONARY VEINS
## Footnote
pg 63
40
# The Circulation
What is the purpose of the *PULMONARY ARTERY*
What is the purpose of the *PULMONARY VEIN*
1. DE-OXYGENATED BLOOD from HEART to LUNGS
2. OXYGENATED BLOD from LUNGS to HEART
## Footnote
pg 63
41
# The Circulation
What is the purpose of the capillaries to be extremely thin
Allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse readily into cells
## Footnote
pg 65
42
# The Circulation
How does fluid surrounding cells and tissues drain back into the blood stream
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
## Footnote
Fluid drains back into the blood stream via a series of channels known as the lymphatic system
pg 65
43
# The Circulation
What is the purpose of the *LYMPHATIC SYSTEM*
Drain fluid from cells and tissue back into the blood stream
## Footnote
pg 65
44
# The Circulation
What do capillaries carrying de-oxygenated blood connnect to
VENULES
## Footnote
pg 65
45
# The Heart
How many chambers does the heart have
4
## Footnote
pg 66
46
# The Heart
The large muscle surrounding the hearts 4 chambers is known as what
MYOCARDIUM
## Footnote
pg 66
47
# The Heart
What causes the rhythmic contraction of the heart muscle
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
(pacemaker)
## Footnote
pg 67
48
# The Heart
What is the name given to the hearts own internal source of electrical stimulation
PACEMAKER
## Footnote
pg 67
49
# The Heart
When the heart pumps, it causes pressure waves through the circulatory system. These can be felt as what
PULSE
## Footnote
pg 67
50
# The Heart
Pulse rate can be affected by what 7 things;
1. ____ : more blood to the muslces
2. ____ : more blood to the brain
3. ____ : increases with age
4. ____ : increase of 7-10 beats per minute for every degree increase
5. ____ : increased pulse rate when low
6. ____ : increased pulse rate
7. ____ : increased slightly
1. PHYSICAL EXERCISE
2. EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
3. AGE
4. BODY TEMPERATURE
5. BLOOD PRESSURE
6. PAIN
7. DIGESTION
## Footnote
pg 67
51
# The Heart
What 2 things wrap around the outside of the heart in order to help supply oxygen and nutrients
1. CORONARY ARTERIES
2. VEINS
## Footnote
pg 68
52
# The Heart
What is the primary function of the *CORONARY ARTERIES*
Supply blood and nutrients to the heart
## Footnote
pg 68
53
# The Heart
What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle
1. DIASTOLE
2. SYSTOLE
54
# The Heart
What state is the heart in during the *DIASTOLE* phase
i.e. relaxed or contracted
RELAXED
All 4 chambers filled with blood
## Footnote
**REMEMBER**:
**DI**astole - **DI**lated - wide open
**S**ystole - **S**queezed - contracted
pg 69
55
# The Heart
What state is the heart in during the *SYSTOLE* phase
i.e. relaxed or contracted
CONTRACTED
Chambers squeezed, forcing blood to flow through the system
## Footnote
pg 69
56
# The Heart
What is the name given to the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles during the *SYSTOLE PHASE*
STROKE VOLUME
## Footnote
pg 70
57
# The Heart
What is the stroke volume for a normal healthy male heart
75 ml
## Footnote
pg 70
58
# The Heart
What is the equation to measure cardiac output
HEART RATE x STROKE VOLUME
## Footnote
If the resting heart rate is 70 beats per minute, and the stroke volume of the healthy heart is 75 ml, the cardiac output is;
70 beats per minute x 75 ml = 5.2 litres
pg 70
59
# The Heart
The blood pressure of a healthy adult heart during the *SYSTOLIC PHASE* is what
120 mm Hg
## Footnote
pg 70
60
# The Heart
The blood pressure of a healthy adult heart during the *DIASTOLIC PHAS*E is what
80 mm Hg
## Footnote
pg 70
61
# Disorders of the Heart
What is the name given to the condition of abnormally *HIGH* blood pressure
HYPERTENSION
## Footnote
**REMEMBER:**
HYPER = HIGH = BIG
HYPO = LOW = SMALL
Hyper and Hypo are used a lot in multiple conditions. Remember these meanings
pg 71
62
# Disorders of the Heart
What is *HYPERTENSION*
ABNORMALLY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
## Footnote
pg 71
63
# Disorders of the Heart
What is the name given to the condition of abnormally *LOW* blood pressure
HYPOTENSION
## Footnote
**REMEMBER:**
HYPER = HIGH = BIG
HYPO = LOW = SMALL
Hyper and Hypo are used a lot in multiple conditions. Remember these meanings
pg 72
64
# Disorders of the Heart
What is *HYPOTENSION*
ABNORMALLY LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
## Footnote
pg 72
65
# Disorders of the Heart
3 most common causes of *HYPERTENSION*
1. AGE
2. GENETIC
3. OBESITY
## Footnote
pg 71
66
# Disorders of the Heart
6 additional causes or contributors to HYPERTENSION secondary to age, genetics, and obesity
## Footnote
**REMEMBER:** ASSS 'OLe
1. **A**LCOHOL
2. **S**MOKING
3. **S**TRESS
4. **S**ALT - high salt intake
5. **O**RAL - oral contraceptives
6. **L**ACK of **E**XERCISE
## Footnote
pg 71
67
# Disorders of the Heart
A *hypotensive* state can be caused by what 2 factors
1. SHOCK
2. MASSIVE BLEEDING
## Footnote
pg 72
68
# Disorders of the Heart
Symptoms of *hypotension* can include these 4 things
1. ____ : room is spinning
2. ____ : cannot catch breath
3. ____ : Elizabeth in Pirates of Caribbean
4. ____ : unconscious
1. DIZZINESS
2. SHORTNESS OF BREATH
3. FAINTING
4. COMA
## Footnote
pg 72
69
# Disorders of the Heart
What is *ANGINA*
Progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries and veins
## Footnote
pg 73
70
# Disorders of the Heart
What is the name given to the progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries and veins
ANGINA
## Footnote
pg 73
71
# Disorders of the Heart
What is one of the key symptoms of *ANGINA*
INTENSE CHEST PAIN DURING EXERCISE
## Footnote
pg 73
72
# Disorders of the Heart
What are the 2 typical causes the coronary artery blockage that result in a *HEART ATTACK*
1. PLAQUE BUILD-UP
2. BLOOD CLOT
## Footnote
pg 73
73
# Disorders of the Heart
The name given to tissue death that occurs to parts of the heart that cause a heart attack
INFARCT
## Footnote
pg 73
74
# Disorders of the Heart
What is the medical term given to a heart attack
MYOCARDIUM INFARCTION
## Footnote
pg 73
75
# Disorders of the Heart
What is released into the blood stream during a heart attack and why
1. ADRENALINE
2. INCREASE HEART RATE
## Footnote
pg 74
76
# Disorders of the Heart
What are 3 symptoms of a heart attack
1. PALE SKIN
2. HIGH PULSE RATE
3. SEVERE CHEST PAIN
## Footnote
pg 74
77
# Disorders of the Heart
What are 4 steps a person can take to preserve cardiovascular health
1. ____ : avoid fatty foods
2. ____ : don't eat so much
3. ____ : keep it lower
4. ____ : quit!
## Footnote
**REMEMBER** Avoid COBS
1. CHOLESTEROL - reduce it
2. OBESITY - avoid it
3. BLOOD PRESSURE - reduce it
4. SMOKING - quit
## Footnote
REDUCE CHOLESTEROL - Consume less fat and sugar
AVOID OBESITY - Exercise and healthy eating
REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE - Reduce salt intake and exercise more
QUITE SMOKING
pg 75
78
# Disorders of the Heart
What are 5 key benefits from aerobic exercise
1. ____ : Strengthens
2. ____ : improved efficiency going around
3. ____ : more of them
4. ____ : Moving more freely
5. ____ : lowered
## Footnote
**REMEMBER**
*red blood cells flow* around the *circulation* system because of *pressure* created by the *heart*
1. HEART MUSCLE - Strengthens
2. CIRCULATION - improved efficiency
3. RED BLOOD CELLS - increased
4. BLOOD FLOW - increased in heart muscle
5. BLOOD PRESSURE - lowered
## Footnote
pg 75
79
# Measuring Blood Pressure
Blood pressure readings are taken at what 2 points
1. SYSTOLIC
2. DIASTOLIC
## Footnote
SYSTOLIC - artery fully squeezed, measures the squeeze of the heart
DIASTOLIC - normal blood flow, artery no longer squeezed
pg 76
80
# ACE TEST
*HYPERTENSION* is a major risk factor for what ailment
STROKE
