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Jaspie - Histology > 06 - Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

06 - Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the metaplasia in Barret esophagus. What is the cause? Higher risk for what disease?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium is transformed into a simple columnar epithelium.
  • cause is extensive gastroesophageal reflux
  • high risk for adenocarcinoma
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2
Q

What are the layers of the GIT? (from lumen outward) (Physiology p. 83)

A
  1. Mucosa - (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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3
Q

The neuroendrocrine cells located in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract is known as

A

Argentaffin cells

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4
Q

Where is gastrin produced? What cells? (Physiology p. 84)

A

G cells of the antrum

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5
Q

Where are S cells found? What do they secrete? (Physiology p. 84)

A

S cells of the duodenum secrete secretin

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6
Q

Where are I cells found? What do the secrete? (Physiology p. 84)

A

I cells of the duodenum secrete cholecystokinin

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7
Q

Where are K cells found? What do the secrete? (Physiology p. 84)

A

K cells of the duodenum secrete GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)

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8
Q

Where are M cells found? What do the secrete? (Physiology p. 84)

A

M cells of the duodenum and jejunum secrete motilin

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9
Q

What type of cell is most prevalent within the gastric pit of the stomach?

A

Mucus-secreting cells

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10
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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11
Q

Destruction of parietal cells leads to a deficiency of this factor and causes what type of anemia? Explain pathophysiology

A

This leads to deficiency of intrinsic factor, which is important in the absorption of vitamin B12 cobalamin. Deficiency of cobalamin leads to pernicious anemia

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12
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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13
Q

Identify: Permanent transverse folds that contain a core of submucosa and are circularly arranged (2 names);
What part of the GI tract is this a feature of?

A

Plicae circulares, a.k.a. Valves of Kerckring;

Feature of the small intestines

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14
Q

In the GI tract, another name for intestinal glands

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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15
Q

Enumerate: cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn and their functions/secretions.

A
  • Enterocytes - columnar cells for absorption
  • Goblet cells - mucin for mucus
  • Paneth cells - lysozymes for innate immunity
  • Enteroendocrine cells, a.k.a Argentaffin cells - hormones like secretin and motilin
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16
Q

What is the primary function of lacteals in the small intestine?
In which layer do they originate from?

A
  • Absorption

- from the Lamina propria of the mucosa

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17
Q

Identify: these glands produce mucin-rich alkaline secretions for protection from acidic contents.
These glands are a feature of what part of the GI tract?

A
  • Brunner gland

- duodenum

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18
Q

Plexus of nerves in the GI tract that control secretions.

In which layer is this plexus found?

A

Meissner plexus (submucosal plexus), found in the submucosa

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19
Q

Plexus of nerves in the GI tract that control motility.

In which layer is this plexus found?

A

Auerbach plexus (myenteric plexus), found in the muscularis layer between the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer.

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20
Q

Histology of esophagus?

A

Non-keratinized stratified simple squamous

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21
Q

Histology of anal canal?

A

Non-keratinized stratified simple squamous

22
Q

Histology of stomach?

A

Simple columnar without goblet cells

23
Q

Histology of intestines?

A

Simple columnar with goblet cells

24
Q

These two parts of the GI tract have glands in their submucosal layer. What are these glands and their corrensponding locations?

A

Brunner glands - duodenum - mucin

Deep esophageal gland - mucin

25
Q

Where are peyer patches usually found?

A

ileum

26
Q

Identify the characteristic cell type in the stomach.

A

Parietal cell

27
Q

Identify the characteristic cell type in the small intestines. Purpose?

A

Paneth cells - innate mucosal defense

28
Q

Identify the characteristic cell type in large instestines.

A

Goblet cells

29
Q

Identify: lymphoid tissue in the ileum

A

Peyer patches

30
Q

Hexagonal with central vein at center and 6 portal triads at periphery

A

Classic liver lobule/hepatic lobule

31
Q

Diamond-shaped with two portal triads and 2 central veins

A

Liver acinus, a.k.a. Rappaport lobule

32
Q

Triangular with single central portal triad and 3 central veins at apices

A

Portal lobule

33
Q

Basis of classic lobule

A

Endocrine function

34
Q

Basis of liver acinus

A

Exocrine function

35
Q

Basis of portal lobule

A

Blood flow

36
Q

Identify: macrophages of the liver

A

Kuppfer cells

37
Q

Mononulcear phagocytes of the blood

A

Monocytes

38
Q

Mononulcear phagocytes of the connective tissues, lymphoid organs, and lungs

A

Macrophages

39
Q

Mononulcear phagocytes of the liver

A

Kuppfer cells

40
Q

Mononulcear phagocytes of the central nervous system

A

Microglia

41
Q

Mononulcear phagocytes of the skin

A

Langerhans cells (found in stratum spinosum)

42
Q

Mononulcear phagocytes of the bones

A

Osteoclast

43
Q

Zone of the liver acinus most susceptible to hypoxic injury.

Why is this so?

A

Zone 3 - farthest from the portal triad (source of blood)

44
Q

Zone of the liver acinus that receives the most oxygen.

Why is this so?

A

Zone 1 - nearest to the portal triad (source of blood)

45
Q

Within the liver, blood within the sinusoids drains into which structure?

A

Central vein

46
Q

Organelle of the hepatocyte that detoxifies the blood

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

47
Q

Outpouchings of gallbladder mucosa that sit within the gallbladder muscle layer

A

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

48
Q

Layers of the gallbladder

A

1.Mucosa
2.Fibromuscular layer
3.Perimuscular layer
Tunica serosa

49
Q

Portion of pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes

A

Pancreatic acini

50
Q

Portion of pancreas that secretes hormones; specify the cells and the secretion

A

Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta cells - insulin

Jaspie - Histology (9 decks)

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