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Psychology- Non Experimental Research Methods > 1 > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

Takes place in a natural setting where there is no manipulation from researchers

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2
Q

What is controlled observation

A

Takes place under controlled conditions where extraneous variables are controlled to avoid interference

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3
Q

What is overt observation

A

The observation is open so participants are aware they are being observed

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4
Q

What is covert observation

A

A researcher observes people without their knowledge. Participants may be informed after the observation

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5
Q

What is participant observation

A

The person observing also takes part in the activity being observed

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6
Q

What is non participant observation

A

The person observing does not part in the activity being observed

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7
Q

What is structured observation

A

The researcher identifies target behaviour that will be the main focus of the investigation- behavioural catergories

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8
Q

What is unstructured observation

A

The researcher may record all types of behaviour that they see

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9
Q

Evaluation of naturalistic observation

A

Higher levels of ecological validity

Issues with reliability

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10
Q

Evaluation of controlled observation

A

Can be replicated to check for reliability

Lacks external validity

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11
Q

Evaluation of overt observation

A

More ethical

Risk of investigator effects

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12
Q

Evaluation of covert observation

A

Lower risk of investigator effects

Ethical issues with deception

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13
Q

Evaluation of participant observation

A

More in depth data

Risk of investigator effects Ethical issues

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14
Q

Evaluation of non participant observation

A

Less risk of investigator effects

Researcher may miss behaviours due to lack of proximity

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15
Q

Evaluation of structured observation

A

Can compare behaviours easier

Issues with internal validity

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16
Q

Evaluation of unstructured observation

A

Richer data can be obtained

Risk of observe bias due to lack of behavioural catergories

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17
Q

What are behavioural catergories

A

Target behaviours that the researcher wants to investigate will be identified and broken down into a risk of behavioural catergories

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18
Q

What is event sampling

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A

Counting the number of times a participant behaviour occurs in an individual or group

19
Q

What is time sampling

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A

Recording behaviours within a pre established time frame

20
Q

Advantages of a questionnaire

Study These Flashcards
A

-can be distributed to lots of people
-easily replicable
-can be easier to statistically analyse

21
Q

Disadvantages of a questionnaire

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A

-social desirability bias
-anonymity can cause difficulty knowing if participants have told the truth

22
Q

What are open questions

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A

Respondent provides own answers expressed in words

23
Q

What are closed questions

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A

Respondent has limited choices

24
Q

What are the three types of closed questions

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A

Likely scale, rating scale, fixed choice

25
tips to write good questions
- avoid jargon -avoid leading questions -use appropriate language -use of filler questions
26
Advantages of interviews
Better awareness of truthfulness of interviewee Richer data
27
Disadvantages of interviews
-risk of interviewer bias -more time consuming
28
What is social desirability bias
Giving socially favourable answers due to the presence of the interviewer
29
What is the interviewer effect
The effect that the interviewers presence has on answers causing bias
30
What are the three types of interviews
Structured Unstructured Semi structured
31
What are case studies
A detailed in depth analysis of an individual or small group- usually gathering large around of qualitative data from many sources
32
Strengths and weaknesses of case studies
-rich detailed insight into the behaviour -often can be used to challenge large research -can be prone to researcher bias -not reliable and has very little population validity
33
What is a content analysis
Producing quantitive data from qualitative data to give us a clearer and more concise insight into the behaviour
34
What are the steps involved in content analysis
1. State the aims and hypotheses for the study 2. Decide on sample and time period if necessary 3. Read/ view qualitative data and identify any emerging/ recurring themes 4. Decide on the unity of analysis and develop a coding system 5. Analyse the findings and interpret them quantitatively in terms of the hypothesis
35
What is thematic analysis
Any emerging themes that are recurrent in the communication often found as a result of content analysis are studied in more depth
36
What is correlation analysis
A correlation is a method of data analysis used to find an association between two co variables. Does not shoe cause and effect just how two co variables are related
37
What is correlation co efficient
A number between -1 and +1 that informs us of strength and direction of the relationship between the two co variables
38
What is the difference between a correlation and an experiment
Correlation is only assessing the relationship between two co variables and an experiment is looking for a significant difference between and iv and a dv
39
Strengths of a correlation analysis
Useful starting point for research Economical as it usually uses secondary data
40
What is meta analysis
The process of combining results from a number of studies on a particular topic to provide and overview of that topic. Could involve a qualitative review or a quantitive analysis
41
Strengths of meta analysis
Allows us to create a larger more varied sample and results can be generalised over a much larger population Secondary data means much less ethical issues
42
Weaknesses of a correlation analysis
No cause and effect can be established Third variable problem- intervening variable may explain the relationship seen
43
Weaknesses of a meta analysis
May be prone to publication bias- researcher could choose to leave out studies with negative or non significant results Secondary data means that we have no knowledge of the accuracy of the data
44
How can psychology have positive implications on the economy
If the study produced results that encourage people to go back to work. People pay higher taxes and contribute to the economy. Positive implications for the economy

Psychology- Non Experimental Research Methods (1 decks)

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