What histopathological change is diagnostic for rabies?
Negri bodies
What histopathological change is often seen in cases of hepatoencephalopathy?
Alzheimer type II astrocytes
Seeing eosinophilic and shrunken neurons is indicative of…
Ischaemic neurons
What does the choroid plexus do?
Secretes CSF
What do ependymal cells do?
Move CSF through ventricular system
What is the order of layers in the cerebellum? (outside to inside)
molecular layer -> purkinje layer -> granular layer -> white matter
What is a meningocoele / meningoencephalocoele?
Protrusion of meninges / meninges and brain
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 disc herniation?
Type 1 - rupture of annular ligament w/ fragments of nucleus pulposis present in spinal canal. Often acute onset in dachshunds etc
Type 2 - Protrusion into spinal canal w/o rupture of annular ligament. Often chronic/progressive onset in older, large breed dogs
What is the difference between scoliosis and kyphosis?
Scoliosis is a lateral diviation of the vertebrae/spinal chord while kyphosis is a dorsal deviation.
What neurotransmitter does ischaemic/damaged neurons release and what is its effect on nearby neurons?
Glutamate causes injury to nearby neurons by calcium influx. “Neuroexcitatory toxicity”
Why is oedema of the CNS potentially life-threatening?
No lymphatics and no room for expansion
What causes a “dummy foal”
Impaired blood flow in umbilical vein. Also called “peripartum asphyxia syndrome”
What histopathological change would you see in TSE diseases?
Spongiform Degeneration
What agent causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis?
Histophilus somni
Most viruses cause lymphocytic perivascular cuffing. What viral disease causes pyogranulomatous vasculitis?
FIP
What is the affect of thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency on the brain?
Essential coenzyme for aerobic glycolysis - lack of = energy deprivation to cells = bilaterally symmetrical malacia. Fish may have thiaminases
What use is a woods lamp when looking for CNS lesions
Malacia UV fluoresces
What does copper deficiency cause?
Swayback/enzootic ataxia
What mechanisms may cause spongy change? (vacuolation in white matter)
Oedema
Toxins (hepatoencephalopathy)
Myelin disorders
What is Canine Distemper Virus’s effect on the brain?
Inflammation (lymphocytic perivascular cuffing) and demyelination
What is age related degenerative myelopathy?
Degeneration of myelin and axons in spinal chord causing atrophy of caudal axial and limb muscles -> often German Shepherd like dogs
What is the pathological name for Inflammatory reticulosis?
Granulomatous Meningocephalitis