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1
Q

What histopathological change is diagnostic for rabies?

A

Negri bodies

2
Q

What histopathological change is often seen in cases of hepatoencephalopathy?

A

Alzheimer type II astrocytes

3
Q

Seeing eosinophilic and shrunken neurons is indicative of…

A

Ischaemic neurons

4
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

Secretes CSF

5
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Move CSF through ventricular system

6
Q

What is the order of layers in the cerebellum? (outside to inside)

A

molecular layer -> purkinje layer -> granular layer -> white matter

7
Q

What is a meningocoele / meningoencephalocoele?

A

Protrusion of meninges / meninges and brain

8
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 disc herniation?

A

Type 1 - rupture of annular ligament w/ fragments of nucleus pulposis present in spinal canal. Often acute onset in dachshunds etc
Type 2 - Protrusion into spinal canal w/o rupture of annular ligament. Often chronic/progressive onset in older, large breed dogs

9
Q

What is the difference between scoliosis and kyphosis?

A

Scoliosis is a lateral diviation of the vertebrae/spinal chord while kyphosis is a dorsal deviation.

10
Q

What neurotransmitter does ischaemic/damaged neurons release and what is its effect on nearby neurons?

A

Glutamate causes injury to nearby neurons by calcium influx. “Neuroexcitatory toxicity”

11
Q

Why is oedema of the CNS potentially life-threatening?

A

No lymphatics and no room for expansion

12
Q

What causes a “dummy foal”

A

Impaired blood flow in umbilical vein. Also called “peripartum asphyxia syndrome”

13
Q

What histopathological change would you see in TSE diseases?

A

Spongiform Degeneration

14
Q

What agent causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A

Histophilus somni

15
Q

Most viruses cause lymphocytic perivascular cuffing. What viral disease causes pyogranulomatous vasculitis?

A

FIP

16
Q

What is the affect of thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency on the brain?

A

Essential coenzyme for aerobic glycolysis - lack of = energy deprivation to cells = bilaterally symmetrical malacia. Fish may have thiaminases

17
Q

What use is a woods lamp when looking for CNS lesions

A

Malacia UV fluoresces

18
Q

What does copper deficiency cause?

A

Swayback/enzootic ataxia

19
Q

What mechanisms may cause spongy change? (vacuolation in white matter)

A

Oedema
Toxins (hepatoencephalopathy)
Myelin disorders

20
Q

What is Canine Distemper Virus’s effect on the brain?

A

Inflammation (lymphocytic perivascular cuffing) and demyelination

21
Q

What is age related degenerative myelopathy?

A

Degeneration of myelin and axons in spinal chord causing atrophy of caudal axial and limb muscles -> often German Shepherd like dogs

22
Q

What is the pathological name for Inflammatory reticulosis?

A

Granulomatous Meningocephalitis