Flashcards in (1) Chapter 5 - Integuementary System Deck (52):
1
cutaneous membrane
covers the external body surface, is the largest organ (10-11 lbs), is .5-4 mm thick
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5 functions of cutaneous membrane
regulate body temp (sweating/shivering), store blood, protect internal from external, detect cutaneous stimuli, excrete/absorb substances, synthesize vitamin D
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3 layers of cutaneous membrane
epidermis (outer)
dermis (middle)
subcutaneous or hypodermis (deepest)
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epidermis
protective outer portion, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 4 major cells types of cells (melanocytes, keratinocytes, langerhans, merkel), 4 major strati (C[L]GSB)
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keratinocytes
90% of epidermal cells; produces keratin to protect skin/underlying structures from stresses
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melanocytes
8% of epidermal cells; everyone has the same #, produces melanin which gives skin its color and granulates to protect keratinocytes
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langerhans cells
AKA intraepidermal macrophage cells; descendant of red blood marrow unique to the epidermis, handles damage to the epidermis (cuts that don't bleed)
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merkel cells
AKA tactile epidermal cells; found in stratum basale of epidermis to detect light touch, least numerous of the epidermal cells
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stratum basale
deepest epidermal layer; contains merkel cells and the stratum germinativum (cells newly formed from mitosis)
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stratum spinosum
2nd deepest epidermal layer; contains the keratinocytes
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stratum granulosum
3rd deepest epidermal layer; keratohyalin (protein that converts keratin filaments to keratin) and lamellar granules (lipid-rich secretion waterproofs the skin) present
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stratum lucidum
2nd most superficial in thick skin (palm, soles, fingertips) ONLY; composed of 4-6 layers of dead keratinocytes,
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stratum corneum
superficial epidermal layer; made of 25-30 layers of dead, flat keratinocytes; callus is an unusual thickening in response to friction, dandruff is unusual shedding of the keratinocytes from scalp
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keratinization
movement of cells from one epidermal layer to another, gathering more keratin
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dermis
middle, largest, and thickest layer of skin; its dense irregular CT w/collagen and elastic fibers give it great tensile strength so it can stretch and recoil; thinner in women; has the only blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands of the skin
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papillary region
superficial region of the dermis (20%); contains dermal papillae (which house capillaries), Meissner corpuscles (touch), and free nerve endings
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reticular region
deep portion of dermis (80%); contains adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
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striae
stretch marks; scarring due to overstretching which disrupts collagen fibers and ruptures blood vessels
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lines of cleavage
lines in the dermis indicating the direction of underlying collagen fibers; plastic surgeons must follow these lines
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epidermal ridges
ridges (epidermal ridges) and valleys (dermal papillae) in thick skin to increase surface area to increase friction; increased # of tactile coropuscles to increase sensitivity
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pigments involved in skin color
melanin (darkness), carotene (yellow-orange), and hemoglobin (redness).
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freckles
accumulated patches of melanin
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nevus
AKA mole; a benign local overgrowth of melanocytes
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albinism
the inherited inability to produce melanin
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vitiligo
partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin, resulting in irregular light spots
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carotene
yellow-orange pigment in skin; precursor of vitamin A which is used to make pigments needed for vision
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hemoglobin
red pigment in skin and oxygen carrying molecule in RBC
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subcutaneous layer
deepest dermal layer, AKA hypodermis; contains lots of adipose tissue and lamellated corpuscles (sense deep pressure)
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cyanotic color
bluish, indicating that respiratory issues have caused underoxygenation of tissue
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jaundice
yellow color due to buildup of pigment bilirubin; common in newborns as their liver isn't fully functional yet
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erythema
redness due to increased blood flow to dermal capillaries as a response to head, infection, inflammation, or allergic response
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pili
dermal hairs that function in protection, sensing light touch, and reducing heat loss; composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells; each hair is made of shaft, root, and hair follice (covered by epithelial and dermal sheaths)
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bulb
papilla of hair which nourishes the growing follicle
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arrector pili muscles
help hair stand on end
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lanugo hair
very fine, nonpigmented hair covering the body of the fetus, shed and eaten before birth
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vellus hair
"peach fuzz" on infants that stays throughout lifetime, females have more
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terminal hair
hair that develops in puberty; 95% of male body hair, 35% of female body hair
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sebaceous glands
oil glands, typically connected to hair follicles, secrete sebum which prevents the dehydration of hair/skin and inhibits bacterial growth
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sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
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eccrine sweat glands
found throughout body (esp. forehead, palms, soles), to regulate body temp and remove waste; stimulated during emotional distress
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aprocrine sweat glands
found in 'bearded areas' - groin, face, clitoris, labia minora, axilla, etc; stimulated during emotional stress and sexual arousal
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ceruminous glands
secrete cerumen (earwax) in external auditory canal to waterproof the canal and impede entrance of bugs/dirt/other things
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nails
composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells; consists of free edge, nail body/lunula at base, nail root, hyponychium (nail bed), eponychium (cuticle), and matrix; nail help w/grasping and manipulation, protection, scratching, and providing support to palmar surface of finger
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affects of aging on skin
wrinkling (dehydration/cracking/loss of subcutaneous fat), decreased sweat, decreased melanocyte function, decrease of thickness, more susceptible to pathogens, decreased growth of hair/nails
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basal cell carcinoma
small shiny bump w/central depression, most common/least dangerous b/c it doesn't metastasize, affects stratum basale layer keratinocytes
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squamous cell carcinoma
raised/reddish/scaly, affects stratum spinosum keratinocytes esp those w/sun exposure, chance of recovery good w/early treatment
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malignant melanoma
often comes from other cancers, dangerous b/c it metasticizes from melanocytes very quickly and is unresponsive to chemo
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burns
leading cause of accidental death, the fluid loss and infection part kills ya
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1st degree burns
only epidermis is damaged - burn is red, painful, may have slight edema, will heal quickly, ex. sunburns
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2nd degree burns
only epidermis and part of dermis is damages - burn is red/tan/white and blistered/painful, healing takes 2 weeks to several months and may scar
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3rd degree burns
full thickness burn reaching to subcutaneous layer (possibly deeper too), often requires skin grafts, fluid replacement, and infection control
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