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Hematology (FORM AND FUNCTION) > 1. Overview and Plasma > Flashcards

1. Overview and Plasma Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a:

A

-specialized connective tissue

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2
Q

Hematology definition:

A

-study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and blood disorder

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3
Q

Functions of blood (brief):

A

-supplies all cells with oxygen, water, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones
-removes waster products

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4
Q

Blood supplies all cells with:

A

-oxygen
-water
-electrolytes
-nutrients
-hormones

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5
Q

Functions of blood

A

-transport oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues
-forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
-carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection
-bringing waste products to the kidney and liver, which filter and clean the blood
-regulate body temperature

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6
Q

Cellular components of blood:

A

-RBC
-WBC
-platelets

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7
Q

RBC:

A

-supply oxygen

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8
Q

WBC:

A

-defend against foreign materials

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9
Q

Platelets:

A

-hemostasis

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10
Q

Significance of blood in diagnosis:

A

-easily accessible
-primary source of diagnostic tests
-values obtained can be used for indicating various things

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11
Q

Values obtained from blood diagnosis can indicate:

A

-a normal response to an abnormal situation
-primary abnormalities of the hematopoietic system
-abnormality can be in quantity or quality

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12
Q

What percent of animal body weight is whole blood?

A

-7.2-10%

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13
Q

Blood collection:

A
  1. Shake/mix the blood to prevent colligation
  2. Prepare hematocrit
  3. Pick up blood with capillary tube
  4. Seal one side with clay
  5. Put tube in centrifuge
  6. Blood is then separated into it’s components
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14
Q

Serum components:

A
  1. Plasma: 55% of blood volume, yellow
  2. Buffy coat: less than 1%
  3. Packed cell volume (PCV): 45%, red
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15
Q

Buffy coat:

A

-leukocytes (WBCs)
-platelets

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16
Q

Packed cell volume (PCV):

A

-erythrocytes (RBCs)
-hematocrit

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17
Q

Hematocrit=

A

-percentage by volume of RBCs in the blood
-varies with species (Ex. 30-40%)

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18
Q

Composition of plasma:

A

-7% proteins
-2% solutes

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19
Q

7% proteins: plasma

A

-albumins
-globulins
-fibrinogen
-others

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20
Q

2% solutes: plasma

A

-electrolytes
-nutrients
-gases
-waste products
-hormones

21
Q

Blood chemistry panel results: serum composition

A

-electrolyte
-blood pH
-kidney function
-metabolic status
-RBC by-product, liver function
-liver enzymes
-muscle enzyme

22
Q

Blood chemistry panel: electrolytes

A

-Na
-K
-Cl

23
Q

Blood chemistry panel: blood pH

A

-bicarbonate
-anion gap

24
Q

Blood chemistry panel: kidney functions

A

-urea
-creatine

25
Q

Blood chemistry panel: metabolic status

A

-glucose
-cholesterol

26
Q

Blood chemistry panel: RBC by-product, liver function

A

-total bilirubin

27
Q

Blood chemistry panel: liver enzymes

A

-Alk Phos
-GGT
-ALT
-GLDH

28
Q

Blood chemistry panel: muscle enzyme

A

-CK

29
Q

Plasma solutes that are clinically important:

A

-glucose
-cholesterol
-HDL
-LDL
-Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, SO4-
-urea
-creatine
-bilirubin

30
Q

Plasma solutes that can be ordered in a specific test:

A

-lactic acid
-iron
-trace elements
-vitamins
-uric acid
-O2, CO2

31
Q

3 major plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
    *each have a site of synthesis and a site of turnover
32
Q

Albumin:

A

-smallest plasma protein
-carrier proteins (FFA, cholesterols, some CHO, fat soluble vitamins, bilirubin, heme, etc.)

33
Q

Globulins:

A

-intermediate in size
-alpha and beta-globulins
-gamma globulins

34
Q

Alpha and beta globulins:

A

-carrier proteins
-proteolytic enzyme systems
-protease inhibitors

35
Q

Gamma globulins:

A

-immunoglobulins
-generated by lymphocytes and plasma cells
-provide immunity

36
Q

Fibrinogen:

A

-largest plasma protein
-coagulation

37
Q

Site of synthesis (plasma proteins):

A

-liver: albumin and most globulins
-lymph nodes and mucosal tissues: gamma-globulins

38
Q

Site of turnover (plasma proteins):

A

-tissues
-liver
-mononuclear phagocyte
*plasma components broken down and recycled

39
Q

Oncotic pressure:

A

-specifically the osmotic pressure within the vasculature

40
Q

Hydrostatic pressure:

A

-pushes fluid into the tissue from the capillaries

41
Q

Plasma proteins and oncotic pressure:

A

-maintain osmotic pressure in the vasculature=ensuring fluid balance
-osmotic pressure counteracts the hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood in capillaries
*balance is crucial for fluid distribution between the intravascular and the interstitial compartments

42
Q

Liver disease and prolonged dietary protein deficiency:

A

-can affect plasma protein production
*if not enough plasma protein in concentration=EDEMA

43
Q

Refractometry:

A

-use it to estimate the amount of plasma protein
-specific gravity and plasma protein
Ex. high=dehydration=lots of proteins

44
Q

Abnormalities in plasma: 3 types

A

-icterus
-lipemia
-hemolysis

45
Q

Icterus:

A

-excessively yellow pigmentation of the plasma
-due to bilirubin: breakdown product of RBCs

46
Q

Lipemia:

A

-white, opaque (chylomicrons)
-maybe after a meal?

47
Q

Hemolysis:

A

-red discoloration of the plasma column
-RBC are being broken down=Hb makes it red

48
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs):

A

-responsible for oxygen transport

49
Q

Packed cell volume (PCV):

A

-represents the volume occupied by RBCs in centrifuged blood
-measured as the height of the red cell column in a microhematocrit tube

Hematology (FORM AND FUNCTION) (10 decks)

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