1. determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area for planning, priority setting & for purposes of fund allocation. 2. determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population in the past. 3. establish a “causal relationship” between population trends & various aspects of social organization. 4. predict future developments & their possible consequences.

(1) Unit 4: Health Indicators Flashcards by 3sha Ann

“the state of mental, physical and social well being, and does not merely connote the absence of illness.”

Health

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Health is derived from the word ___ which means “___”

Hael
Whole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time in these aspects

Demography

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 operation processes of demography

Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Marriage
Social mobility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Uses of demography

determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area for planning, priority setting & for purposes of fund allocation.
determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population in the past.
establish a “causal relationship” between population trends & various aspects of social organization.
predict future developments & their possible
consequences.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compares the number of males to the number of females

Sex ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formula for sex ratio

Sex ratio = (no. of males / no. females) x 100

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristics

Sex structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population

Median age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Used to gauge whether the population is young or old

Median age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The computed value represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 persons in the economically-active groups

Age-dependency ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formula for age-dependency ratio

(pop 0-14 yo + pop more than or equal to 65 yo) / pop 15-64 yo x 100

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population

Population pyramid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enables one to explain and describe the demographic trends of the population in the past

Population pyramid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Population pyramid:

High birth rate; rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates; short life expectancy

Stage 1 - expanding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Population pyramid:

High birth rate; fall in death rate as more living in middle age; slightly longer life expectancy

Stage 2 - expanding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Population pyramid:

Declining birth rate; low death rate; more people living to old age

Stage 3 - stationary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Population pyramid:

Low birth rate; low death rate; higher dependency ratio; longer life expectancy

Stage 4 - contracting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population

Health indicators

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Health indicators are usually expressed as ___, ___, ___

Ratios, proportions, or rates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Uses of health indicators

.Determine factors that may contribute to causation & control of diseases
.Identify public health problems & needs
.Indicate priorities for resource allocation (health economics)
.Monitor health program implementation
.Evaluate health programs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Relative magnitude of quantities or a comparison of any two values.

Ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Calculated by dividing one interval or ratio scale variable by the other.

Ratio

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: in ratio, the numerator and denominator can be related

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formula for ratio

Number or rate in one group / Number or rate in another group

Comparison of a part to the whole

Proportion

A type of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator

Proportion

Proportion is usually expressed in ___, ___, ___

Decimal, fraction, or percentage

Formula for proportion

(Number in a particular characteristic / total number in the subset) x 10^n

Ratio/Proportion: In the United States in 2002, a total of 15,075 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. During the same year, 802 death were attributed to tuberculosis

Ratio

Measures the frequency of disease/events in a population during a specific time period

Rate

means how fast something is happening or going (how quickly disease occurs in a population)

Rate

Describes how quickly disease occurs in a population

Rate

Useful for comparing disease frequency in different locations, at different times, or among different groups with different sized populations

Rate

Basic measure in disease occurrences and vital statistics

Rate

Type of health indicator: Access for health programs and facilities, availability of health resources (facilities, health manpower, finances)

Indicators for the provision of health care

Type of health indicator: Cases consulting a health provider Infants exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 month Children fully vaccinated People using treated bednets

Risk reduction indicators

Type of health indicator: Prevalence, incidence

Health status indicator

Type of health indicator: Crude and specific death rates, maternal mortality, infant mortality, neonatal mortality, etc.

Mortality

Type of health indicator: Age-sex structure of the population Population density Migration

Population indicators

Type of health indicator: Level & distribution of economic wealth, types & levels of employment, school enrollment and adult literacy, etc.

Social and economic indicators

Type of health indicator: Quantity of suspended particulate matter, potability of drinking water, coliform counts, etc.

Environmental indicators

Measures how fast people are added to the population

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Formula for CBR

CBR = (no. of registered livebirths in year/midyear population) x 1000

Measures the rate at which mortality occurs in a given population

Crude death rate (CDR)

Formula for CDR

CDR = (total deaths in one year / total midyear population) x 1000

The proportion of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval to the total number of deaths from all causes during the same time interval

Proportionate mortality rate

Number of years for a given population to double

Population doubling time

Population doubling time is based on ___

Crude annual growth rate %

Formula for population doubling time

70/CAGR%

Formula for crude annual growth rate (CAGR)

CAGR = CBR - CDR

Formula for general fertility rate (GFR)

GFR = (no. of registered lb in a year / midyear population women 15-44 yo) x 1000

Relates births to women of a certain age to the number of women in that age group

Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)

Formula for age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)

ASFR = (births to women at certain age / women aged at the certain age) x 1000

Formula for cause-of-death rate (CDR)

CDR = (no. if deaths in a specific cause in one year / midyear population) x 1000

Used for determining the leading causes of mortality

Cause-of-death rate

Formula for age-specific mortality rate (ASMR)

ASMR = (no. of deaths in one year in specific age group / population of age group) x 1000

A sensitive index of the health conditions of the general population

Infant mortality rate

Formula for infant mortality rate

(total deaths < 1 yo / no. of lb) x 1000

Poor populations has ___ deaths per 1000 births per year

60-150

Severe conditions has more than or equal to ___ deaths per 1000 births per year

200

Neonatal mortality rate = ___ days old

< 28

Post-neonatal mortality rate = ___ days old to ___ yo

28 1

Perinatal mortality rate = ___ weeks gestation to ___ days

28 7

Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes

Maternal mortality rate

Formula for maternal mortaility rate (MMR)

MMR = (no. of pregnancy-related deaths in year / no. of lb in the same year) x 1000 MMR = (no. of pregnancy-related deaths in year / total women aged 15-44 in the same year) x 1000

Formula for child mortality rate (CMR)

CMR = (total deaths in children 1-4 in 1 year / number of children aged 1-4 in same year) x 1000

Formula for Under-five mortality rate

Infant mortality rate (IMR) + Child mortality rate (CMR)

An alternative form of the incidence rate that is used when the nature of a disease or condition is such that a population is observed for a short time period

Attack rate

How is attack rate calculated?

no. of people who became ill / number of people at risk for the illness

How much of the afflicted die from the disease

Case fatality rate

The "killing power" of a disease

Case fatality rate (CFR)

A higher CFR means ___

more fatal disease

The probability of dying of a certain disease

Case fatality rate (CFR)

Formula for CFR

CFR = (no. deaths due to a disease / no. cases of the disease) x 100

A special kind of proportionate mortality ratio

Swaroop's index

Developed countries have ___ Swaroop's index compared to developing countries

Higher

Formula for Swaroop's index

(no. deaths more than or equal to 50 yo / total no. of deaths) x 100

Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)

Prevalence

Measure the burden of the disease to the community

Prevalence

Assess the public health impact of a disease

Prevalence

Projection of medical care needs

Prevalence

Proportion with the disease at a point in time

Prevalence

Calendar time, birth, employment, retirement

"point in time"

Formula for prevalence

(no. of cases at a point in time / total population) x 1000

Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events

Incidence

For identifying etiologic factors

Incidence

2 types of incidence measures

Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion Incidence density

Indicator of trend

Incidence

Evaluate program effectiveness

Incidence

The probability that a person will develop within a specified period of time

Risk

Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time

Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

The average risk of developing the “disease”

Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

Formula for Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

CI = (no. of cases that developed during the period / no. of persons followed up) x 1000

Rate at which new cases occur

Incidence Density (ID)

T/F: in calculating the incidence density, denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop

Formular for incidence density (ID)

ID = (no. of cases that developed during the period / ave. pop x duration of follow up) x F ID = (no. of cases that developed during the period / mid year pop) x F

Measure of burden of disease (BOD) as present value of future years lost as result of disability and premature death

Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY)