10.2 child cognitive and social development Flashcards

1
Q

habituation-dishabituation response

A

habituation- infants do not spend as much time looking at visual stimuli or events that they already know about
dishabitiuation- surprising and unfamiliar visual stimuli or events tend to capture an infants attention

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2
Q

renee baillargeon

A

a test of an earlier understanding of object permanence

  • the short carrot passes across, and is fully obscured by the structure
  • long carrot passes across, and impossibly it is also fully obscured by the structure
    3. 5 month old infants spend more time looking at this event, suggesting that they found it surprising
  • infant looking time is likely a fairer test of what infants know
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3
Q

core knowledge hypothesis

A

the idea that infants are born with some knowledge about the world, such as a basic knowledge of numbers and how objects should behave

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4
Q

lev vygotsky

zone of proximal development

A

proposed child cognitive development proceeds most efficiently when (with adult scaffolding) children make an attempt at acquiring skills that are just beyond what they can accomplish on their own

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5
Q

scaffolding

A

adult mentors should properly match the support they provide to the child’s current skill level
-how much scaffolding a parent determines how soon children become independent and contributing member of the family

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6
Q

attachment

A

the emotional sense of closeness and security that a child develops (or fails to develop) with their caregiver or caregivers

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7
Q

harry harlow

A

studied baby rhesus monkeys

  • they liked cloth
  • even when the wire mother was the source of their food the monkeys still sought comfort from the cloth mother
  • the monkeys need for comfort from a soft and cuddly mother challenged the behaviourist idea that children bond with their mothers bc they need them for food
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8
Q

mary ainsworth

A

how children react to presence of strangers when the caregiver is absent
-the strange situation

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9
Q

stranger anxiety

A

young children’s discomfort and emotional distress the presence of strangers

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10
Q

the strange situation

A

parent brings kid to the lab, a room with toys and a stranger
parent leaves and later returns

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11
Q

secure attachment pattern

A
  1. the child is mildly distressed when their caregiver leaves the alone with the stranger
  2. the child keeps a calm distance from the stranger
  3. when the caregiver returns, the child seeks comfort from the caregiver and they quickly behave happy and relaxed
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12
Q

insecure attachment patterns

anxious/resistant attachment

A
  1. the child clings tightly to the caregiver before they leave the room
  2. the child is very upset when they are alone with the stranger
  3. when the caregiver returns, the child rushes for comfort, but also seems to push the caregiver away
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13
Q

insecure attachment patterns

avoidant attachment pattern

A
  1. the child doesn’t seem very close to the caregiver when they enter the room
  2. the child is not at all concerned when the caregiver leaves them alone with the stranger
  3. the child ignores the caregiver when they return to the room
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14
Q

insecure attachment patterns

disorganizedd attachment pattern

A

children behave as though they can’t decide whether to seek comfort from their caregiver or avoid contact with their caregiver
they alternately act to seek or avoid contact with their caregiver or they become paralyzed with indecision about what to do

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15
Q

attachment style during infancy predicts…

A

success in forming adult attachments

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16
Q

forming a healthy and secure attachment bw child and caregiver is a …

A

matter of striking the right balance

17
Q

self awareness

A

children gradually develop an appreciation of themselves, separate from other people

18
Q

egocentrism

A

lacking the capacity to understand that other ppl have perspectives, thoughts and feelings that differ from ones own

19
Q

piaget asked children to describe what the 3 mtns would look like from the dolls perspective….

A

but children under about age 7 respond by claiming their perspective as identical to the dolls

20
Q

theory of mind

A

the capacity to understand that other ppl have their own minds wit thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that differ from ones own

21
Q

false belief task

A

as in the smarties-box-full-of-pencils example, these tasks test whether children will understand that another person holds a false belief, bc that person has not been provided with the info that the child knows that would allow them to avoid the false belief

22
Q

pro social behaviour

A

behaviour that is respectful of others needs and involves efforts to help them, while also ensuring that we are treated with respect and that we get out own needs met in ways that are fair and justified

  • contagious cry is an early form of empathy
    ex. at 5 months old, infants prefer helpful teddy bears over unhelpful ones. at 8 months old, infants show a preference for teddy bears who are kind to other, helpful teddy bears, and display a preference for teddy bears that are mean to another teddy bear that had earlier behaved in a selfish and unhelpful way
23
Q

instrumental helping

A

by age 1, children will provide assistance with another efforts to complete a task

24
Q

empathic helping

A

by age 2, children will act to help someone who is in distress feel better

25
Q

two systems underlying prosocial behaviour

A

attachment behavioural system

caregiver behavioural system

26
Q

attachment behavioural system

A

our system for achieving personal comfort and security from others

27
Q

caregiver behavioural system

A

our system for helping others

28
Q

the caregiver behavioural system can only be active if the….

A

attachment behavioural system is satisfied

29
Q

conditional approach to parenting

A

relying on rewards and punishments to motivate children to engage in positive behaviours

30
Q

conditional approach to parenting

A

extrinsic motivations block developing intrinsic motivation for prosocial behaviour
-this approach also tends to generate a more negative relationship between children and their parents and can lead to
development of introjection

31
Q

introjection

A

occurs when ppl rely on others views of them as the basis for feeling good or bad about themselves

32
Q

induction discipline approach to parenting

A

best approach to parenting

  • the focus is on providing supportive explanations about when the child should or shouldn’t do and why, including explanations about how a child’s actions will affect the feelings of other people
  • involves presenting the child with info about the outcome associated with whatever choice they face and when possible, letting them make their own decision