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Criminology Unit 1 > 1.1 Analysis of different types of crime > Flashcards

1.1 Analysis of different types of crime Flashcards

1
Q

What is a crime?

A

An illegal act that goes against the written rules and laws of society; an offence under English Law that is punishable by law.

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2
Q

What are some examples of crimes?

A
  • Murder
  • Theft
  • Fraud
  • Money Laundering
  • Kidnapping
  • Use/Sale/Production of drugs
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3
Q

How are offenders of crimes prosecuted?

A

By formal sanctions such as community order, imprisonment, or fines.

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4
Q

What is deviance?

A

Deviant behaviour consists of any behaviour that goes against any accepted standards, norms, or values of society but does not necessarily break the law.

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5
Q

What are some examples of deviant behaviour?

A
  • Laughing at a funeral
  • Speaking to yourself in public
  • Swearing/ Inappropriate jokes
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6
Q

How are offenders of deviant behaviour prosecuted?

A

They are not prosecuted by any legal action, instead, they are frowned upon by society and viewed negatively amongst the public.

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7
Q

What is white-collar crime?

A

Crimes that are usually committed by people of high social status and respectability within commercial situations for financial gain.

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8
Q

What are the three types of white-collar crimes?

A
  • Professional
  • Corporate
  • Organised
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9
Q

Give two examples of case studies into professional white-collar crime.

A
  • Bernie Madoff

- Jonathan Lebed

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10
Q

What did Bernie Madoff do?

A
  • Scammed investors
  • Stole $50 billion from investors globally
  • Used a Ponzi Scheme
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11
Q

How did Bernie Madoff avoid detection for his crimes?

A
  • Printed his client statements on paper so they couldn’t be traced back digitally.
  • Used an old computer that wasn’t linked to his company’s main system.
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12
Q

What is a Ponzi Scheme?

A

A type of fraud that lures investors to pay profits to earlier investors with funds from more recent investors.
It leads the investors into believing that the profits are coming from success in the company whereas their profits come from money being paid in by newer investors.

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13
Q

What did Jonathan Lebed do?

A
  • Was the first minor to face stock-market fraud
  • Used his home internet to promote stocks from the comfort of his bedroom.
  • He would buy stocks and then post messages under fictitious names recommending the stocks.
  • Dealt about 60’000 shares of small companies daily, which rose to millions.
  • Earned up to $285’000 between September 1999 and Feb 2000.
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14
Q

Give an example of a case study for corporate white-collar crime.

A

Nick Leeson.

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15
Q

What did Nick Leeson do?

A
  • Made the bank that he worked for lose £280 million and ultimately lead to the collapse of the bank.
  • He set up account 88888 to first hide a colleague’s bad trade (who lose £20’000), but then also used the account to hide his own trades.
  • He also used the money he borrowed from the bank to bet on the market to try and cover the losses in account 88888.
  • He frauded banknotes to confirm bad trades and transactions.
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16
Q

Give two examples of case studies for organised white-collar crime.

A
  • The Kray Twins

- The Yakuza

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17
Q

What crimes did The Kray Twins commit?

A
  • Set up the East End protection racket in the 1950s
  • Murdered two gangsters
  • Armed robbery
  • Drug dealing
  • Arson
  • Protection rackets
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18
Q

What is The Yakuza and what crimes have they committed?

A
  • The Yakuza is a 400-year-old organisation which is made up of a collection of different gangs.
  • They are structured similarly to a Mafia family; there is a hierarchy of gang leaders, bosses, gangsters etc.
  • Were involved in gambling, prostitution, drug deals, possession/smuggling of firearms, illegal pornography, racketeering, protection rackets, assault, and blackmail.
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19
Q

What are protection rackets?

A

A group is paid to provide protection to businesses/ other groups through violence and threats.

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20
Q

What is racketeering?

A

Dishonest and fraudulent business dealings.

Organised acts to earn money illegally.

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21
Q

What is bootlegging?

A

Illegal manufacture, sale, and production of alcohol (common during the prohibition period).

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22
Q

What is moral crime?

A

Illegal acts that do not violate or threaten the rights of another individual.

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23
Q

What else is moral crime often known as and why?

A

Victimless crime.

This is because there is no specific victim within the crimes.

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24
Q

What are five examples of moral crimes?

A
  • Prostitution
  • Vagrancy
  • Assisted suicide
  • Illegal gambling
  • Illegal drug use
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25
Q

What is prostitution?

A

The occupation of engaging in sexual activity with another individual for payment.

26
Q

Argue why prostitution can be seen as a victimless crime.

A
  • The person is consenting and willingly putting themselves into the situation.
  • Some people see it as a job rather than a criminal act.
  • If a more serious crime is committed, the case is focused on that crime instead of prostitution.
27
Q

Argue why prostitution can not be seen as a victimless crime.

A
  • Some people may be forced/pressured into prostitution

- Gateway crime that can cause more serious crimes.

28
Q

What is a state crime?

A

Illegal actions that break the state’s own criminal or public international law.

29
Q

What are the four types of state crimes?

A
  • Economic crimes
  • Crimes by security forces
  • Social and cultural crimes
  • Political crimes
30
Q

What are economic crimes?

A

Violations of health and safety laws.

31
Q

What are crimes by security forces?

A
  • Genocide
  • Torture
  • Imprisonment
32
Q

What are social and cultural crimes?

A
  • Institutional racism.
33
Q

What are political crimes?

A

Cencorship and corruption.

34
Q

What do state crimes tend to breach?

A

Human rights.

35
Q

What took place at the Abu Ghraib prison?

A
  • Abu Ghraib was a military prison in Iraq that held about 3’800 detainees
  • American soldiers tortured and abused detainees
  • The abuse consisted of physical abuse, sexually explicit videotaping and photography, electric torture, rape, attack with dogs, humiliation - some abuse lead to deaths.
  • Eleven US soldiers were convicted and more service members were reprimanded.
36
Q

What is Technological crime (E-crime)?

A

A crime that is committed using the internet.

37
Q

Give some examples of e-crimes.

A
  • Computer intrusion
  • Distribution of malicious code (viruses)
  • Denial of service attack
  • Internet-enabled fraud
  • Downloading illegal images
  • Identity fraud/misuse of card numbers and pins
  • Posting/downloading copyrighted material
  • Posting of hate comments and online abuse
38
Q

What is the dark web?

A

A part of the internet that exists on an encrypted network which is only accessible by special software that allows users to remain anonymous and untraceable.

39
Q

What is phishing?

A

An attempt to obtain sensitive information for malicious reasons. Offenders disguise themselves as trustworthy entities in electronic forms.

40
Q

What happened in the 2017 NHS Cyber Attack.

A
  • 300’000 of the NHS’s computers were attacked by ransomware called “WannaCry” that was developed by hackers.
  • They used the method of phishing to gain access to computers and lockdown the NHS’s files.
  • Hackers demanded £300 to £600 for access for pieces of data.
41
Q

What are the three types of individual crime?

A
  • Hate crime
  • Domestic violence
  • Honour crime
42
Q

What is hate crime?

A

When someone is hostile towards another individual because of offenders personal prejudice views.

43
Q

What happened to Sophie Lancaster?

A
  • Sophie and her boyfriend (Robert) were attacked because they looked like goths.
  • Robert fell into a coma but survived the attack, Sophie unfortunately died.
  • Ryan Herbert (16) was jailed for life with a minimum of 16 years.
  • Brendan Harris (15) was jailed for life with a minimum of 18 years.
44
Q

What is domestic violence?

A

Abuse and violence towards an individual in a domestic setting (relationships).

45
Q

Why may some victims of domestic violence not report the crime?

A
  • Fear of the violence getting worse
  • Intimidation
  • Feel ashamed of what’s happening
  • Feel scared of being judged
  • Might think it is a one-off situation
  • Scared of not receiving help
  • The victim may feel to blame (mental manipulation)
  • Might still love their partner
46
Q

Give two examples of case studies for domestic violence.

A
  • Clare Wood

- Alex Skeel

47
Q

What happened to Clare Wood?

A
  • Suffered from domestic abuse by her partner, Georgia Appleton.
  • Appleton murdered Clare in 2009; he strangled her and set her on fire.
48
Q

What history of violence did Appleton have?

A
  • Threats towards women
  • Repeated harassment towards women
  • Violence
  • Kidnapping an ex-girlfriend at knifepoint
49
Q

What happened to Appleton?

A

He never received any legal punishment, instead, he hung himself while he was being hunted for by the police.

50
Q

What happened to laws because of Clare Wood’s case?

A
  • ‘Clare’s Law’ was put into place, which was campaigned by her father.
  • It allows people to ask the police if their partner has a criminal record if they feel as if they are in danger.
  • It has so far saved many people from suffering in domestic violence
  • Her father believes that if Clare knew of Appleton’s past, she would still be alive.
51
Q

What happened to Alex Skeel?

A
  • Suffered domestic abuse from his ex-girlfriend over a three-year period.
  • If the police hadn’t come when they did, Alex said they he probably would have died.
  • He felt like he was on ‘survival mode’ and was ‘waiting to die’.
  • Suffered abuse in forms of cutting, stabbing, beating, and even burning with boiling water.
  • He didn’t leave the relationship because he worried about his children’s safety.
  • In 2018, his ex-girlfriend was convicted of controlling and coercive behaviour and grievous bodily harm with a seven-and-a-half-year sentence.
52
Q

What is honour crime?

A

Violent crimes committed on people who have thought to bring shame upon their family.

53
Q

Why are honour crimes under-reported?

A

Honour crimes are commonly very culture-bound crimes, therefore many families think it is allowed for them to commit.

54
Q

Give two examples of case studies for honour crimes.

A
  • Shafilea Ahmed

- Awas Akram

55
Q

What happened to Shafilea Ahmed?

A
  • She was strangled and killed by both her parents because they believed that she was becoming too westernised (she had a strict upbringing).
  • Both her parents received life sentences with a minimum of 25 years.
56
Q

What happened to Awas Akram?

A
  • He was left disfigured after he was beaten and stabbed, as well as having concentrated sulphuric acid poured on his head.
  • He was brutally attacked for gaining a close relationship with a married businesswoman.
  • The woman’s brother was arrested on suspicion of the attack and sentenced for 30 years for the murder.
57
Q

What is the level of public awareness for white-collar crimes?

A
  • High for organised white-collar crime because of its aggressive and violent nature.
  • Moderate/Low for professional and corporate because sophisticated means are used to prevent detection.
58
Q

What is the level of public awareness of moral crimes?

A
  • High because of negative media coverage
59
Q

What is the level of public awareness for state crimes?

A
  • Low because a lot of it happens ‘behind the scenes’ and is kept secret
60
Q

What is the level of public awareness of technological crimes?

A
  • High because of increases in technology
61
Q

What is the level of public awareness for individual crimes?

A
  • High for domestic violence and hate crime because more are being reported and more awareness is being made
  • Low for honour crimes because they are extremely under-reported

Criminology Unit 1 (6 decks)

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