1.1 The Pelvis

Question 1

The pelvic girdle is formed by?

Answer 1

The 2 hip bones (ossa coxae), each consisting of illium, ischium, and pubis fused at the acetabulum

Question 2

Where are the hip bones fused?

Answer 2

ventral median plane at the pubic symphysis

Question 3

The pelvis is formed by?

Answer 3

• 2 hip bones (ossa coxae)
• sacrum (fused vertebrae​)
• first two caudal vertebrae

Question 4

What does the sacrum articulate with?

Answer 4

the left and right illium

Question 5

The pelvic cavity:

Answer 5

continuous with the abdominal cavity at the pelvic inlet and contains the pelvic organs

• Digestive tract: rectum
• Urinary tract: urinary bladder and urethra
• Reproductive tract: uterus, vagina, ductus, deferens, accessory male glands, penis

Question 6

The pelvic inlet is defined by?

Answer 6

the terminal line formed by the sacrum and cranial edge of the hip bones

Question 7

The roof of the pelvic cavity is formed by?

Answer 7

• sacrum
• first caudal vertabrae

Question 8

the floor of the pelvic​ cavity is formed by?

Answer 8

hip bones (pubis)

Question 9

The pelvic outlet is continuous​ with?

Answer 9

the perineum

Question 10

Perineum:

Answer 10

is the region of the body wall around the anus and urogenital openings

Question 11

The pelvic cavity has a fixed diameter as a result of its bony borders (hip bones and sacrum) But problems could arise from Brachiocephalic dog breeds in this case?

Answer 11

Brachiocephalic dog breeds such as the french bulldog could give rise to problems in parturition as a result o size and confirmation

Bulldogs​ = have ​big wide heads, C-sections

Question 12

species differences: Horse

Answer 12

• Pelvic inlet is relatively wide
• Ischial spine and tubers are small
• Floor of the pelvis is flat and the canal is straight

*Long legs of fouls need to be pointed forward

Question 13

Species difference: ruminants​

Answer 13

• Pelvic inlet is relatively narrow
• Ischial spine and tubers are larger than mare
• Floor of the pelvis is concave

Question 14

Beef breeds =

Answer 14

larger calves = more problems

Question 15

The lateral walls are formed by?

Answer 15

hip bones and broad sacrotuberal ligaments

Question 16

species difference in the sacrotuberal ligaments of the dog?

Answer 16

In the dog the sacrotuberal ligament is reduced to a cord

Question 17

species difference: the sacrotuberal ligament in the cat?

Answer 17

the ligament is absent

Question 18

species difference: dystocia - the cow

Answer 18

The maternal conformation predisposes to dystocia more commonly in ruminants

ex: calves should be pulled out horizontally​ and upwards

Question 19

What is the pelvic diaphragm formed by?

Answer 19

levator​ ani and coccygeus muscles
- arranged as a cradle around the anus and retains the organs in the pelvis

Question 20

perineal hernia clinical relevance:

Answer 20

result from weakening or failure of the pelvic diaphragm.

-Can result in swelling adjacent to the rectum on one or both sides, difficulty defaecatin​g,​ and altered tail carriage

Question 21

Perineum​:

Answer 21

is the region of the ​body wall around the alimentary and urogenital openings:

Question 22

Perineum: female

Answer 22

• the anus
• the vulva in females

Question 23

Perineum: male

Answer 23

• the root (crura and bulb) of the penis
• In some species the scrotum (tomcat and boar)

Question 24

Whch ​arteries supply the hindlimb and body wall??

Answer 24

Paired external iliac arteries

Question 25

which arteries supply the pelvic region?

Answer 25

internal iliac​ arteries

Question 26

which arteries supply midline structures and tail?

Answer 26

median sacral artery

Question 27

the internal illiac branches into ?

Answer 27

the internal pudendal artery (supplying pelvic organs) - caudal gluteal artery (supplying the wall of the pelvic cavity)

Question 28

Striated muscle needs?

Answer 28

somatic innovation

Question 29

Pudendal nerve

Answer 29

- sacral spinal orgin - sensory to the skin of the perineum - motor to striated muscles in the perineum (helps animals stay continent)

Question 30

Autonomic innovation =

Answer 30

smooth muscles and glands

Question 31

pelvic plexus:

Answer 31

- parasympathetic pelvic nerves - sympathetic hypogastric nerve