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2 - Cognitive > 12 - Sound > Flashcards

12 - Sound Flashcards

1
Q

What is a single sound wave caused by? (Sound Cognitive)

A

An increase in pressure at certain points in an elastic medium, causing a domino effect outwards

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2
Q

How are a series of sound waves generated? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Perturbation of the domino effect being repeated periodically, a series of sound waves are generated

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3
Q

How do sound wave propagate? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Sound waves propagate in all 3 dimensions of the atmosphere at equal speeds in all directions, so they are known as spherical waves

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4
Q

At what speed do sound waves propagate? (Sound Cognitive)

A

It depends on raw type, temperature and pressure of the medium through which it propagates

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5
Q

In dry air at 20℃, what speed do sound waves propagate? (Sound Cognitive)

A

343 m/s

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6
Q

How can sound waves be represented? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Temporal variations of sound pressure at a fixed point in space

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7
Q

How are most sounds generated and what does this mean? (Sound Cognitive)

A

By oscillators, so most sounds are periodic

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8
Q

What is the period of a sound wave? (Sound Cognitive)

A

The duration of an oscillation cycle, measured between 2 peaks

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9
Q

What is the frequency of sound? (Sound Cognitive)

A

The number of air pressure oscillation cycles per second

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10
Q

What is the frequency known as? (Sound Cognitive)

A

The multiplicative inverse of the period

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11
Q

What is the equation for frequency of sound waves? (Sound Cognitive)

A

F = 1 ÷ T

F = frequency
T = Period of sound
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12
Q

What is the amplitude of a sound wave? (Sound Cognitive)

A

The magnitude of the change of pressure within a wave

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13
Q

What does the amplitude of a sound wave correspond to? (Sound Cognitive)

A

The maximum amount of pressure at any given point in the sound wave

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14
Q

What is the loudness of a sound wave? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Perceptual correlate of amplitude

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15
Q

What do spectrograms do? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Represent sound waves

- Visualise the distribution of energy across two dimensions

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16
Q

What represent energy distribution? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Spectrums

17
Q

What are the simplest form of sound waves and what are they characterised by? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Pure tones
  • Only have energy at one frequency (one wave)
  • Limited at transmitting information only
18
Q

What do most sounds from humans and animals generate and how are they characterised? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Periodic sounds

- Energy at more than one frequency

19
Q

What does the outer ear do? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Captures sound signal, amplifies mid-frequency and vertical direction coding

20
Q

What does the middle ear do? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Protection, impedance matching

21
Q

What does the inner ear do? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Frequency analysis and transduction

22
Q

In the outer ear, what does the pinna do? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Affects high frequency sounds by interference between the echo reflected off its different structures

23
Q

What does the meatus link and what is it also known as? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Pinna to the eardrum

- Also known as the ear canal

24
Q

The middle ear is a cavity made up of what? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Ossicles (small bones)
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)
25
Q

What is the function of the middle ear? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Transmits vibrations from the ear drum to a smaller oval window

26
Q

How does the middle ear relate to impedance matching? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Enables air vibrations (sounds) to be efficiently transmitted into fluid vibrations

27
Q

What would happen if there was no middle ear? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Most sound would bounce off the cochlea

28
Q

What is the main part of the inner ear? (Sound Cognitive)

A

The cochlea

29
Q

What is the purpose of the cochlea in the inner ear? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Transform a mechanical signal to a neural response on the 8th cranial nerve
  • Snail shaped, chambered tube
30
Q

What are the chambers on the cochlea in the inner ear known as? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Scala

31
Q

What are scala separated by in the inner ear? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Basilar membrane, on top of the organ of corti

32
Q

What does the arch in the middle of the organ of corti do? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Separates the inner hair cells from the outer hair cells

33
Q

What are hair cells known as in the organ of corti? (Sound Cognitive)

A

Stereocillia

34
Q

What is the difference between the stereocillia on the outer hair cells and the inner hair cells? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Outer = embedded in the membrane

- Inner = free and moved by fluid (endolymph)

35
Q

How is the cells voltage increased? (Sound Cognitive)

A
  • Hairs bend toward the tallest sterocilium
  • Voltage increased
  • Increase in release of neurotransmitter
  • Auditory nerves connected to the hair cells increase firing rate

2 - Cognitive (23 decks)

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