13.9, onwards Evolutionary Problems

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

a group of individuals belonging to one species that live in the same area and can inbreed

Question 2

Gene Pool

Answer 2

all of the genes/alleles in a population

Question 3

Allele Frequency

Answer 3

the percentage of an allele that exists in a population

Question 4

Evolution is aka

Answer 4

microevolution

Question 5

Microevolution

Answer 5

change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

Question 6

How many causes are there for Evolutionary Change

Answer 6

3

Question 7

What are the 3 causes for Evolutionary Change

Answer 7

natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

Question 8

Genetic Drift

Answer 8

the change in the frequency of alleles in a population over a period of time due to chance

Question 9

How many types of genetic drift are there

Answer 9

2

Question 10

What are the 2 types of genetic drift

Answer 10

1) Bottleneck effect
2) Founder Effect

Question 11

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 11

genetic drift by chance ~ completely random

Question 12

What is an example of the bottleneck effect

Answer 12

natural disasters

Question 13

founder effect

Answer 13

when individuals in a population end up in a different area (uninhabited by that population) by chance and they are successful and reproduce

Question 14

How did Darwin explain the finches on the Galapagos Islands

Answer 14

founder effect

Question 15

What is an example of the founder effect

Answer 15

invasive species

Question 16

Gene Flow

Answer 16

the transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes

Question 17

Genetic Equilibrium

Answer 17

when the frequency of alleles doesn’t change over a period of time

Question 18

what is the opposite of genetic equilibirum

Answer 18

evolution

Question 19

Who discovered genetic equilibirum

Answer 19

Hardy and Weinberg

Question 20

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 20

if all Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met then there will be no change in frequency of alleles over a period of time

Question 21

Hardy-Weinberg Principle is about _____ not ______

Answer 21

genes;populations

Question 22

What are the Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

Answer 22

1. random mating
2. large population size
3. no immigration or emigration
4. no mutations
5. no natural selection

Question 23

How many Hardy-Weinberg conditions are there

Answer 23

5

Question 24

Random mating

Answer 24

mating without choice, not because of attraction etc.

Question 25

large population size

Answer 25

need an "infinitely" large population (large is relative to population size )

Question 26

How many Hardy-Weinberg equations are there

Answer 26

2

Question 27

What are the Hardy-Weinberg equations

Answer 27

Allele frequency equation and genotype frequency equation

Question 28

Allele frequency Equation

Answer 28

p + q = 1

Question 29

Genotype Frequency Equation

Answer 29

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 30

What does the p stand for in the allele frequency equation

Answer 30

the frequency of the dominant allele

Question 31

What does the q stand for in the genotype frequency equation

Answer 31

frequency of the recessive allele

Question 32

What does the p² stand for in the genotype frequency equation

Answer 32

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

Question 33

What does the 2pq stand for in the genotype frequency equation

Answer 33

frequency of the heterozygous genotype

Question 34

What does the q² stand for in the genotype frequency equation

Answer 34

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

Question 35

Single Gene traits

Answer 35

traits controlled by a single gene

Question 36

Polygenic traits

Answer 36

traits that are controlled by more than one gene which creates more variation because there are more possible combinations

Question 37

Natural selection on single gene traits

Answer 37

people with the more benificial trait will reproduce and make more organisms with that trait

Question 38

What kind of graph does natural selection on single gene traits have

Answer 38

standard one up one down

Question 39

Natural Selection on Polygenic traits

Answer 39

there is a high amount of beneficial traits, lower not so beneficial

Question 40

How many types of Natural Selection on Polygenic traits are there

Answer 40

3

Question 41

What are the 3 types of Natural Selection on Polygenic traits

Answer 41

1) Stabilizing Selection 2) Directional Selection 3) Disruptive Selection

Question 42

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 42

changes in environment where different organisms are fit

Question 43

Disruptive selection is aka

Answer 43

diversifying selection

Question 44

Stablizing Selection is more likely to create

Answer 44

a different species

Question 45

all Natural Selection on Polygenic traits graphs are

Answer 45

bell curved

Question 46

Sexual Selection

Answer 46

whne organisms select their mates based on certain characteristics

Question 47

How many types of sexual selection are there

Answer 47

2

Question 48

What are the 2 types of sexual selection

Answer 48

Intrasexual and Intersexual

Question 49

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 49

there is a clear difference between male and female structures

Question 50

Intersexual Selection

Answer 50

female chooses male based on characteristics

Question 51

Intrasexual Selection

Answer 51

males fight and the better/stronger male gets the female

Question 52

do males actually fight in intrasexual selection

Answer 52

no, usually thye just size each other up bc fighting causes pain

Question 53

Evolution of drug resistant microorganisms

Answer 53

there are antibiotic resistant bacteria that are killed if you take antibiotics bc they kill the weaker bacteria which allow the already antibiotic bacteria to thrive

Question 54

Balancing Selection

Answer 54

if there is no trait that is more beneficial than another, there will be a balance of the traits

Question 55

Balancing Selection is aka

Answer 55

balance polymorphism

Question 56

Heterozygote Advantage

Answer 56

its better to be heterozygous for a trait rather than homozygous recessive/dominant

Question 57

What are some examples of heterozygote advantage

Answer 57

sickle cell disease

Question 58

Can natural selection fashion perfect organisms

Answer 58

no bc if the body is good at one thing, it will lose another factor

Question 59

Darwin used the practice of _______________ to gain insight into his ideas about a mechanism for descent with modification.

Answer 59

artificial selection