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A&P RMT > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

name the levels of organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

define negative feedback loop

A

reverses a change, brings the body back to normal limits

**reverse back to original condition

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3
Q

define positive feedback loop

A

bringing/pushing the body outside normal limits

**enhancing original conditions

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4
Q

list the 4 body cavities

A

cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic, abdominopelvic

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5
Q

what organ system controls B and T cells

A

Lymphatic

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6
Q

list components that make up skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, joints

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7
Q

what is included in the integumentary system

A

skin, nails, hair

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8
Q

list the 11 body systems

A

skeletal, muscular, endocrine, reproduction, urinary, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, nervous, integumentary

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9
Q

list some organs in the RUQ

A

liver, gallbladder, right kidney,

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10
Q

list some organs in the LUQ

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas, diaphragm

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11
Q

list some organs in the RLQ

A

appendix, cecum, ovaries, uterus

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12
Q

list some organs in the LLQ

A

small intestine, rectum, bladder

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13
Q

list the 5 types of fluid in the body

A

1)cerebrospinal fluid
2)aqueous
3)blood plasma
4)synovial
5)lymph

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14
Q

list the 6 characteristics of the human body

A

reproduction
growth
movement
responsiveness
metabolism
differentiation

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15
Q

define metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

ex) turning food to energy

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16
Q

list the 4 types of tissue and describe each

A

epithelial - covers body surfaces(skin)

connective -connects, supports, delivers blood

muscular - contracts to generate heat & move body parts

nervous - carries info throughout the body via impulses

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17
Q

describe continuous tension
vs
discontinuous tension

A

continuous= muscle and fascia

discontinuous = bones

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18
Q

define what a feedback system is

A

used to control and regulate body processes

RECEPTOR-CONTROL CENTER - EFFECTOR

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19
Q

where does a visceral membrane occur in the body

A

covers organs

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20
Q

where does a parietal membrane occur in the body

A

lines cavity walls (inside abdomen)

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21
Q

list some examples of cells in our bodies

A

nerves
muscle
liver
epithelial

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22
Q

define homeostasis

A

the body’s state of balance

** maintaining fluid is one of the most vital aspects**

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23
Q

define tensegrity

A

an action in one part of your body will affect another part

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24
Q

STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION

A

huge rule of A&P

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25
Q

what are some organs in the RUQ

A

liver
gallbladder
kidney

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26
Q

what are some organs in the LUQ

A

stomach
spleen
pancreas
duodenum

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27
Q

name some organs in the RLQ

A

appendix
cecum
ovaries
uterus

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28
Q

name some organs in the LLQ

A

rectum
bladder
anus
small intestine

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29
Q

what quadrant / region is the liver located

A

right upper quadrant
right hypochondriac region

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30
Q

list the 9 abdominopelvic regions and an organ in each

A

right hypochondriac - liver
epigastric - stomach
left hypochondriac - spleen
right lumbar - gallbladder
umbilical - umbilicus
left lumbar - descending colon
right inguinal - appendix
hypogastric - bladder
left inguinal - sigmoid colon

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31
Q

define octet rule ** on test**

A

electrons always want to be paired to create stability

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32
Q

define isotope

A

an atom with the same number of protons, but diff number of neutrons

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33
Q

define ion

A

atom or molecule that has lost or gained electrons

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34
Q

define cation

A

give away electrons (+ charged)

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35
Q

anion

A

gained/stole electrons (- charged)

36
Q

name 1 major function of the cardiovascular system

A

pumps blood

37
Q

define digestion

A

the breaking down and absorbing of food into substances that can be used in the body

38
Q

what makes up the skeletal system

A

bone, cartilage, joints

39
Q

name some glands of the endocrine system

A

pituitary gland
thalamus
hypothalamus
thyroid

40
Q

what is the outermost shell called

A

valance

41
Q

The ____________________ determines what the element is

A

number of protons in the nucleus

42
Q

_______ determine isotopes

A

neutrons

43
Q

what is an atom

A

the basic unit of a chemical element made of protons, neutrons and electrons

44
Q

what is a proton

A

positively charged electron

45
Q

what is a neutron

A

neutrally charged electron

46
Q

what is a electron

A

negatively charged

47
Q

where are atoms most stable

A

outermost shell, VALENCE

48
Q

mass number =

A

protons + neutrons

49
Q

what is our body made up of

A

96%
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

50
Q

what kind of bond shares electrons

A

covalent

51
Q

which bond doesnt involve sharing electrons

A

hydrogen

52
Q

what is a chemical reaction

A

it happens when old bonds are broken and new ones are formed

53
Q

define exergonic reactions

A

reaction that releases energy

54
Q

define endergonic reactions

A

reaction that requires energy

55
Q

what is the law of conservation of energy

A

energy can neither be created or destroyed, but transformed or transferred from one form to another

56
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a chemical compound that speeds up a chemical reaction, made of enzymes that is usually a protein

57
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect a chemical reaction

A

1) increase in temperature
2) increase in concentrations
3) a catalyst

58
Q

what are the 3 types of mixtures

A

solution
colloid
suspension

59
Q

what is the pH of our blood

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

buffer systems convert STRONG ACIDS into WEAK ACIDS OR BASES **on test*

A
61
Q

what is a chemical element

A

a substance that cant be further broken down

62
Q

what is a molecule

A

group of atoms bonded together

63
Q

what is a compound

A

substance that contains two or more different elements

64
Q

what is a free radical

A

an atom with an unpaired electron in its valence

reactive and unstable

65
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

a bond formed by a positive and negative charge

66
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

an ion that breaks apart into it’s negative and positive parts in a solution

67
Q

difference between polar and non polar covalent bonds

A

polar= unequal

non polar = equal

68
Q

define anaerobic and aerobic reactions

A

an= reactions that do NOT require oxygen

ae= reactions that require oxygen

69
Q

what are the four types of chemical reactions

A

1)synthesis
2) decomposition
3) exchange
4) reversible

70
Q

define catabolism and anabolism

A

cata= reactions that break down large molecules to smaller ones

ana= reactions that build up larger, complex molecules

71
Q

what does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean

A

hyrophilic = water loving, easily dissolvable

hydrophobic = doesnt like water, doesnt dissolve easily

72
Q

which metabolic reactions uses water ? which doesnt?

A

hydrolysis: needs water

dehydration: makes water

73
Q

what does pH scale measure

A

the concentration of (H+) or (OH-) ions

74
Q

what is the most common buffer system in our body

A

carbonic acid - bicarbonate

75
Q

what are the 3 types of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

76
Q

what is stored within or on a nucleic acid?

A

genetic information

77
Q

where is DNA and RNA found

A

DNA= inside of nucleus

RNA= inside cytoplasm

78
Q

what is the most common form of energy the body uses ?

A

ATP

79
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

a molecule with a polar end and non polar end that makes up cell membranes

occurring in a cell membrane

80
Q

name the 5 types of lipids

A

1) fatty acids
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
4) steroids
5)eicosanoids

81
Q

define triglycerides

A

protects insulates and provides energy

most highly concentrated form of chemical energy available

82
Q

what is a protein (peptide)

A

large molecule constructed of amino acids bonded together

83
Q

what are the two broad categories of proteins

A

fibrous - insoluble in water
globular - soluble

84
Q

what are 6 protein functions

A

structural - forms framework, like collagen
regulatory - makes hormones
contractile - allows muscle contraction
immunobiological - make antibodies
transport - carry vital substances
catalytic - act as enzyme to speed up chemical reactions

85
Q

list some cellular activities that require energy

A

muscle contraction
movement of structures inside of a cell
movement of chromosomes during cell division

86
Q
A

A&P RMT (7 decks)

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