module 5 - 14.1 hormonal communication

Question 1

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Works alongside the neuronal system to react to charges in the body/environment and bring about the most appropriate response

Question 2

What are endocrine cards?

Answer 2

• Make up endocrine system
• group of specialised subs that secrete hormones
• secrete directly into the blood and have no ducts

Question 3

What are hormones?

Answer 3

• ‘Chemical messengers’
• any member of a signalling molecule produced by glands in multicellular organisms transported by me circulatory system to target organs to regulate behaviour and physiology
• released directly into blood plasma (under nervous or hormonal control)
• diffuse out blood plasma & stimulate trajet aus to produce correct response

Question 4

What are me 2 types of hormones?

Answer 4

• Amino acid based hormones
• steroid based hormones

Question 5

What are amino acid based hormones?

Answer 5

• Proteins e.g. Insulin
• Glycoproteins e.g. FSH
• polypeptides e.g. ADH
• amines
• tyrosine derivatives

Question 6

What are amones?

Answer 6

• Breakdown of amino acids releases amines
  -many neurotransmitters are also amines (e.g. Adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Question 7

What are steroid based hormones?

Answer 7

• Based on cholesterol
• example are the sex hormones oestrogen & testosterone

Question 8

What are the mechanisms for the action of steroid based hormones?

Answer 8

• lipid soluble so con dissolve through cell membrane:
  1. Entering a cell
  2. Binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus
  3. mRNA synthesis (first step of protein synthesis.
• long acting

Question 9

What are the mechanisms for the action of non-steroid based hormones?

Answer 9

• Water soluble so can’t dissolve through au membrane:
  1. Binding with receptors
  2. Cell signalling pathway using second messengers
  3. Transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning
• cascade within a cell → rapid response

Question 10

compare hormonal and neuronal communication

Answer 10

HORMONAL COMMUNICATION
- communication is slow
- communication is by chemicals (hormones)
- travel to all parts of the body but only target organs respond
- widespread
- response is slow and long lasting
- effects may be permanent

NEURONAL COMMUNICATION
- communication is fast
- communication is by nerve imprises
- neurones travel to specific parts of the body
- localised
- rapid response but short-lived
- effects may be temporary

Question 11

What are adrenal glands?

Answer 11

• example of an endocrine gland
• adrenal cortex (outer layer), adrenal medulla (inside cortex)

Question 12

What is the adrenal cortex?

Answer 12

• Produces hormones vital to life
• produces steroid based hormones
• under control of hormones produced by pituitary gland
• releases 3 groups of hormones

Question 13

Which 3 groups of long-term hormones does the adrenal gland release?

Answer 13

• Glucocorticoids
• mineralocorticoids
• androgens

Question 14

What is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 14

• Produces non-essential hormones
• produces amine based hormones
• hormones released when body is under stress
• under control of sympathetic nervous system
• Releases 2 hormones

Question 15

Which 2 hormones does me adrenal medulla release?

Answer 15

• Adrenaline
• noradrenaline

Question 16

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 16

• growth hormone
• anti-diuretic hormone
  Gonadotrophins

Question 17

What is the function of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland?

Answer 17

• Controls bone and muscle growth
• increases reabsorption of water in kidneys
• controls development of ovaries/testes

Question 18

Which hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 18

Thyroxine

Question 19

What is the function of the thyroxine?

Answer 19

• controls rate of metabolism
• controls rate of glucose used in respiration
• promotes growth

Question 20

What hormone does the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 20

Adrenaline

Question 21

What is the function of the adrenaline?

Answer 21

• increases heart/breathing rate
  -raises blood sugar level

Question 22

What hormone do the testes produce?

Answer 22

Testosterone

Question 23

What is the function of testosterone?

Answer 23

Controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

Question 24

Which hormone does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 24

Melatonin

Question 25

What is the function of melatonin?

Answer 25

• Affects reproductive development
• controls daily cycle

Question 26

Which hormones do the pancreas produce?

Answer 26

• Insulin
• glucagon