endocrine

Question 1

hormones

Answer 1

are signaling molecules that are carried in the bloodstream.
are secreted by endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and some neurons

Question 2

pheromones

Answer 2

are signaling molecules that have targets outside the body and which are used to integrate behaviors.

Question 3

target cells

Answer 3

are the ones hormones affect
- some hormones will have target cells all over body
- some are highly specific ex: thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 4

hormone sources

Answer 4

the endocrine system

Question 5

opposing hormones

Answer 5

when 2 hormones regulate a homeostatic activity ex: insulin, glucagon

Question 6

synergistic hormones

Answer 6

work together to increase affects on target cells ex: growth hormone and sex hormones

Question 7

pituitary

Answer 7

small gland at the base of the brain
- produces or stores several regulatory hormones
- controlled by the hypothalamus
- which also produces and stores a few hormones
- trigger other glands to produce their hormones

Question 8

thymus

Answer 8

sits superior to the heart
- produces thymosin – hormone that helps produce thymus cells for immune system
- starts losing functionality at about age 18

Question 9

adrenal

Answer 9

sit on each kidney
- produce hormones that are part of the sympathetic nervous system (aka fight or flight response)
- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine and cortisol
- cortisol – stress hormone

Question 10

reproductive organs

Answer 10

• produce sex hormones
  - regulate reproductive cycles
  - produce sexual characteristics during adolescence
  - works with growth hormone

Question 11

hypothalamus

Answer 11

is a portion of the brain that monitors internal organs and conditions.

Question 12

posterior lobe

Answer 12

consists of nervous tissue and releases two hormones made in the hypothalamus.

Question 13

anterior lobe

Answer 13

makes and secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands.

Question 14

what does the posterior pituitary lobe produce

Answer 14

ADH and oxytocin

Question 15

what does ADH do

Answer 15

acts on the walls of kidney tubules to control the body’s water and solute levels by stimulating reabsorption.

Question 16

oxytocin triggers what

Answer 16

triggers uterine muscle contractions to expel the fetus and acts on mammary glands to release milk.

Question 17

what are the 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary lobe produces

Answer 17

Corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex.
Thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates the thyroid gland.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes ovarian follicle development and egg production.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) also acts on the ovary to release an egg.
Prolactin (PRL) acts on the mammary glands to stimulate and sustain milk production.
Somatotropin (STH), also known as growth hormone (GH), acts on body cells in general to promote growth.

Question 18

releaser hormones

Answer 18

stimulate target cells to secrete other hormones

Question 19

inhibitors

Answer 19

block secretions

Question 20

thyroid gland

Answer 20

secretes thyroid hormone (TH), which has effects on metabolism, growth, and development; the thyroid gland also secretes calcitonin, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Question 21

simple goiter

Answer 21

an enlargement
of one or both lobes of the thyroid
gland in the neck;

Question 22

glucocorticoids raise what

Answer 22

the level of glucose in the blood

Question 23

hypoglycemia

Answer 23

when the adrenal cortex makes too little cortisol resulting in chronically low glucose levels in the blood

Question 24

mineralocorticoids

Answer 24

regulate the concentrations of minerals

Question 25

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 25

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 26

where are the endocrine cells located

Answer 26

in clusters called pancreatic islets

Question 27

pancreas

Answer 27

vital organ for both endocrine and digestive systems
- produces hormones that regulate blood glucose levels

Question 28

glucagon

Answer 28

increases blood glucose by signaling liver to breakdown glycogen

Question 29

insulin

Answer 29

decreases blood glucose by signaling liver to breakdown glycogen

Question 30

somatostatin

Answer 30

can inhibit both hormones

Question 31

alpha cells

Answer 31

secrete glucagon, which causes glycogen stored in the liver to be converted to glucose, which then enters the bloodstream.

Question 32

beta cells

Answer 32

secrete insulin, which stimulates the uptake of glucose by liver, muscle, and adipose cells to reduce levels in the blood, especially after a meal.

Question 33

delta cells

Answer 33

secrete somatostatin, which can inhibit the secretion of glucagon and insulin.

Question 34

diabetes and the types

Answer 34

where body either doesn’t produce or ignores insulin
- type 1 – autoimmune – body destroys insulin secreting cells
- most are diagnosed before age 18
- insulin dependent
- type 2 – far more common – metabolic disorder
- body ignores signals of insulin
- can be more regulated with diet and medication

Question 35

prediabetes

Answer 35

individuals with slightly elevated blood sugar levels that have an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes