1750-1900 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Enlightenment
-Natural rights (people automatically have rights)
-Social contract (people agree to gov to protect rights, can overthrow if not doing that)
-John Locke, Rousseau
-Came out of the Scientific Rev, logical thinking, questioning, empirical evidence instead of believing church
-Leads to abolition and suffrage, women’s right movement (Seneca Falls Convention)
-19th century liberalism: freedoms?
Nationalism
-Pride in country
-Based on religion, cultures, shared land, etc
-Leads to revolutions along with Enlightenment
American Revolution
-Declaration of Independence
-Inspired French, Haitian, etc
French Revolution
-Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
-3 Estates
-Bourgeoisie lead movement
Haitian Revolution
-French sugar colony
-“why not us?”
-Toussaint L’Oveture
-First successful slave revolt
-Second republic western hemisphere
Latin American Revolutions
-Simon Bolivar
-Jamaica Letter (trying to get British support for his revolutions from Spain)
-Led by Creoles
Industrial Revolution- why England
-Factors of Industrialization:
-Access to ports, canals, water to transport
-Coal, timber, iron natural resources
-Large populations, especially in urban areas
-Gov protected intellectual property
Industrial Revolution
-Factories massed produced goods (started with textiles)
-Specialization (big change from artisans)
Industrial Revolution Spreads
-Europe has a bigger share of global manufacturing, Asia and Middle East’s declined (eg textiles in India and Egypt)
-Rest of Europe, US, Russia, Japan
New Technology
-Steam engine
-Trains/railroads
-Steamboat
-Internal combustine engine (automobiles)
-Telegraph
1st vs 2nd Ind. Rev.
1: steam power/coal, locomotives and boats powered by steam
2: internal combustion (powered by oil), railroads electricity, steel, chemicals
State Sponsored Industrialization
Often resisted by existing elite groups
Russia- Trans-Siberian railroad
Tanzimat Reforms- Ottomans, eliminate corruption, ultimately failed bc conservatives resisted
Meiji Restoration- Rapid Japanese industrialization, to protect them from western takeover
Self Strengthening Movement- Chinese industrialization movement, hindered by conservatives, failure showed in them losing Sino-Japanese War
Muhammad Ali- Egyptian Pasha who nationalized textile industry, built dams, railroads, etc
Economic effects of Industrialization
-Laissez-faire and free markets (Adam Smith capitalist ideas)
-Mercantilism replaced by free markets
-Transnational businesses (HSBC)
-Some people could buy more goods (standard of living increase)
Reactions to Industrialization
-Reforms: labor unions, better working conditions, hours, etc
-Karl Marx Communism/socialism
—Proletariat would rise up and seize means of production
Society effects of Industrialization
-Middle class, industrial working class, new industrial elite (factory owners)
-Middle class women didn’t always need to work- women’s roles in house emerge
-Rapid urbanization led to pollution, poverty, crime, etc
Rationale for Imperialism
-Social Darwinism
-White Man’s Burden
-Spreading Christianity
-Nationalism
-Wanting raw materials and new markets
Expansion
-Private control leading to eventual state control (eg King Leopold II in Congo or British East India Company in India)
-Diplomacy used (Berlin Conference, carve up Africa)
-Warfare (eg Boer Wars in South Africa)
-Settler colonies like Australia (penal colony)
US- Manifest destiny, Philippines (Spanish-American War, was previously a Spanish colony)
Japan- after military modernized in Meji restoration, they take Korea
Russia- Poland, middle east, etc
Resistance to Imperialism
Direct Rebellion:
-Sepoy Rebellion (led to direct takeover by gov)
New States:
-In Balkans, states had been under Ottoman rule but broke away bc of nationalism (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria)
-Cherokee nation in US
Religiously motivated:
-Ghost Dance Movement (Native Americans)
-Cattle killing mvmt
Economics of Imperialism
-Colonies turned into export economies with cash crops
-Singe/few crop economies
-Guano (Peru and Chile), palm oil (W. Africa), rubber, coffee, cotton (India and Egypt)
-Creates economic dependence
-Mainly benefits the colonial states
Economic imperialism
-Opium Wars China- British introduce opium to tip balance of trade, British win bc of superior industrial power
—Leads to opening of ports, free trade agreements
-China carved up into spheres of Influecne (Japan, France, US, Germany, Russia, etc)
-Also in Latin America with the United States
-United Fruit Company, organized L American countries’ economies around fruit export (bananas) in exchange for building railroads, etc
Migration
-Some voluntary, to search for work (especially because slavery was being abolished)
—–Eg Irish and Chinese building the Transcontinental Railroad
-Others coerced (Irish potato famine)
-Penal colonies (Australia)
-Ethnic enclaves
-Nativism (Chinese Exclusion Act)
