1750-1900 part 2

Question 1

Industrialization Impact on Gender, Family, and Social Structures

Answer 1

out the house, workforce, status, values, conform

Family had previously been a self sufficient economic unit, moved economic production outside the home
Working class women and children entered the industrial workforce as low paid factory laborers
Status of men increased because industrial work and the wage were considered more important than domestic work, which was largely performed by women
Middle class values became distinct from those of the working class, which were stereotyped as promiscuous, alcohol abusing, and immoral
Middle class women generally didn’t work outside the home, pressured to conform to new models of behavior, glorification of women as the center of the well kept home

Question 2

The Factory System

Answer 2

mass produce, interchangeable, danger

Industrial Revolution led to the establishment of the factory system
Factories employed large numbers of workers and power driven machines to mass produce goods
Interchangeable parts
Split process of making something into small steps that anyone could do, assembly line
Simplified assembly, made factory work tedious and repetitive
Work dangerous and had a negative impact on health of laborers from environment tal factors like dust and chemicals and accidents with machinery

Question 3

Global Effects of Industrialization

Answer 3

demand, raw, dependence, abroad, necessities and luxuries, population, urbanization

New global division of labor
Industrial societies needed raw materials from other lands, large demand for materials such as raw cotton from India and Egypt, rubber from Brazil and the Congol,
Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia became dependent on exporting cash crop products to industrialized nations, but established little or no industrialization themselves
Profits from cash crops went abroad, wealth was concentrated among owners and investors in corporations
Dependency theory explains unevenness in development as the result of control by industrial nations
Industrialization of some areas was achieved at the expense of others, cash crop and colonial economies reinforced dependency on American And European manufactured goods
Consumer goods became more affordable and plentiful thanks to industrialization, basic necessities became cheaper, luxury once only available to aristocrats began to become more available to the middle class
Improvements in medicine, better diets from more food production, led to dramatic rise in population, increase in average life expectancy
Urbanization increased even faster than population growth due to new transportation, railroads and steamships, led to increase in internal migration with countries, and external migration

Question 4

Advances in Transportation and Communication

Answer 4

steamships, trains, canals, telegraph, oil, socialism

First Industrial Revolution, development of steam engine led to creation of steamships and trains, sped up transportation
Creation of canals enabled heavy loads to be transported long distances and linked previously separate waterways
Development of telegraph revolutionized the sped at which businesses, people, and armies could communicate
Second Industrial Revolution, development of internal combustion engine, rise of oil as global commodity
Saw beginning of widespread electrification
Economic inequality from industrialization led to sharp increase in socialism

Question 5

reactions to industrialization: liberalism

Answer 5

Resulted from rapid growth of middle class
Philosophical roots in the Enlightenment, opposed monarchies and wanted written constitutions based on separation of powers
Proponents of natural rights
Greatly benefited from capitalist industrial economy, supports of laissez-faire economic ideas
Lukewarm to unionism and socialism

Question 6

reactions to industrialization: socialism

Answer 6

Appalling conditions experienced by industrial workers inspired revolutionary reforms
Critiqued capitalism and suggested economy run by the working class
Socialists opposed the bourgeoisie, businessmen and professionals who were increasing in power after decline of aristocracy
Paris Commune
Revolutionary socialist gov
Ruled city of Paris after collapse of French Empire in Franco-Prussian war
Existed from March 18 to May 28 in 1871, enacted a number of anticlerical and prolabor laws
Inspired may later leftist revolutionaries
French army eventually overthrew Commune

Question 7

reactions to industrialization: unionism

Answer 7

Reformist rather than revolutionary
Wanted to improve lives of workers within the constraints of a capitalist economy
Advocated organizations of workers so they could negotiate with their employers for better wages and working conditions, unions
Factory owners fought to stop formation of unions, resulted in bloodshed

Question 8

reactions to industrialization: communism

Answer 8

Radical form of socialism
Wanted to create societies in which property was owned in common
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto in 1848
Advocated overthrow of moneyed classes, then workers state
Internationalist ideology, workers a s unified class regardless of outward nationality
Communism came to be associated with central planning of the economy by the gov

Question 9

reactions to industrialization: anarchism

Answer 9

Revolutionary antiauthoritarian movement
Sought to replace existing authority structures with decentralized self governing cooperatives that rejected hierarchies, played a role in the Paris Commune
Anarchists responsible for series of high profile bombings and assassination of various political leaders
Intended as catalysts for wider revolutions

Question 10

reactions to industrialization: romanticism

Answer 10

Philosophical reaction to industrialization and Enlightenment
Manifested itself in the arts, literature, music and other outlets
Emphasized emotion over reason
Nationalism was an expression of romanticism

Question 11

reactions to industrialization: conservatism

Answer 11

Aristocrats saw industrialization and the rise of capitalism as a threat to their privileges and the structure of traditional society
Edun Burke, favored private property and laissez faire economics, but felt capitalism should serve traditional social order
Germany, Otto von Bismarck waned traditional social hierarchy strengthened by welfare state, depriving leftist radicals of that might allow them to organize workers and facilitate revolutio

Question 12

Ottoman Empire reform

Answer 12

By 1700s, Ottoman armies had fallen behind those of Europe
Political power also weakened
Nationalist revolts in Balkans and Greece contributed to empire’s problems
Ottomans also experienced economic decline, Europe went around them and traded directly wit India and China
Global trade shifted to Atlantic Ocean, where Ottomans weren’t involved
European products flowed in, began to depend heavily on foreign loans,
Europeans given capitulations, being subject to only their own laws not Ottoman laws, great blow to prestige and sovereignty
Empire did attempt reform
Mahmud II, organized a more effective army and system of secondary education
Built new roads, laid telegraph lines, created a postal service
Tanzimat Movement 1839-1879, government used French legal system as guide for reform, public trials were instituted
development of new secular school system, reorganization of the army, creation of provincial representative assemblies
Reforms met with opposition, particularly from religious conservatives an Ottoman bureaucracy, saw concept of civil liberties as foreign, soft imperialism in its spread through Ottoman society
Abdul Hamid II adopted first Ottoman constitution in 1876 but suspended it in 1879 and reinstituted absolute monarchy
Young Turks
Group of exiled Ottoman subject
Pushed for universal suffrage, equality before the law, emancipation of women and non-Turkish ethnic groups
1908, led a coup that overthrew Abdul Hamid II and set up a puppet sultan that they controlled
Attempted to reform, still in a delicate position by 1914
Ultimately dissolved in the aftermath of WWI, large portions colonized by British and French, or ruled by their local allies

Question 13

Tanzimat movement

Answer 13

when the government used French legal system as a guide for reform, public trials were instituted
development of a new secular school system, the reorganization of the army based on the Prussian conscript system, the creation of provincial representative assemblies
Reforms met with opposition, particularly from religious conservatives an Ottoman bureaucracy, saw concept of civil liberties as foreign, soft imperialism in its spread through Ottoman society

Question 14

Young turks

Answer 14

Group of exiled Ottoman subject
Pushed for universal suffrage, equality before the law, emancipation of women and non-Turkish ethnic groups
1908, led a coup that overthrew Abdul Hamid II and set up a puppet sultan that they controlled

Question 15

Russia reform

Answer 15

Russian tsars were supported by Russian ORthodox Church and noble class, which owned most of the land
Peasants were majority of population, feudal institution of serfdom essentially enslaved them
Even at end of 19th, literacy rate was far behind other major European nations
Russian empire vastly expanded, but military power and strength couldn’t compete with that of Europe, as shown in Crimean War
Crimean War
Emancipation of the serfs by Tsar Alexander II in 1861, created district assemblies in which all classes had elected reps in 1864
Gov also encouraged industrialization, policies designed to stimulate economic development including construction of Trans-Siberian Railroad and remodeling of the state bank
Anti-gov protests increased with involvement of intelligentsia (university students and intellectuals)
More these groups were repressed, more radical they became
REvolutionary “People’s Will” group, organized in 1879, employed terrorism in attempt to overthrow Russia’s tsarist autocracy, assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881, brought an end to gov reform
New tsars used repression to maintain power until overthrow during WW1
Fast gov sponsored industrialization led to peasant rebellions and workers strikes
Gov limited maximum workday to 11.5 hours, prohibited trade unions and outlawed strikes, Tsar Nicholas II focused on expansion to distract from opposition but lost in Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
January 1905, Bloody Sunday Massacre
Revolution of 1905

Question 16

Crimean War

Answer 16

1853-1856, Russia lost
Fought against Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont
Highlighted comparative weakness of Russia’s military and economy, pushed gov to modernize

Question 17

January 1905, Bloody Sunday Massacre

Answer 17

Group of workers marched to the Tsar’s Winter Palace to petition
Killed by gov troops
Set off anger and rebellion across the empire, known as Revolution of 1905
Gov made concessions, legislative body called Duma
In practice though not much changed until WWI

Question 18

motives for imperialism

Answer 18

Colonies were sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured foods
Strategic sites with harbors and resupply station for naval ships, commercial and military
Colonial expansion spurred nationalism
Justified with sensationalist journalism about supposed crimes against Europeans such as missionaries or women
Social Darwinism, attempted to apply principles of Darwinian evolution to societies and politics, societies either prospered or failed because only the strong survive as they are able to dominate the weak, imperial powers must be better than those in Asia and Africa and had the right to impose their will on them
scientific ic racism, developed to explain differences between nations, humans consisted of several distinct racial groups and European racial groups were intellectually a morally superiors, justification for treatment of colonized peoples
Missionaries wanted to convert Asians and Aficans to Christianity
“The White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling, bringing civilization to the uncivilized

Question 19

Imperialism and its impact: India
pre Indian Rebellion

Answer 19

Started with British East INdia Company, had a monopoly on English trade with India, took advantage of the Mughal Empire’s growing weakness
Expanded trading posts, petitioned British gov to ourgith conquer areas important to trade to protect its interests
Enforced rule with combination of British troops and Indian troops (called sepoys by the British)
Previously pacifist Sikhs grew militant due to persecution under Mughal Empire
7 percent of Punjab region of India, but message of religious tolerance social justice attracted any supporters from other faiths, led to founding of the Sikh Empire (1799-1840)
After Mughals collapsed, Sikh empire was last rival power on subcontinent to the British East INdia Company,British sought greater control over central Asia as part of “great Game” with Russian Empire, also saw Sikhs as potential threat to control over rest of India
Indian troops often used to police areas that clashed with their own ethnic o religious identity, wanted to play native groups against each other
Two Anglo-Sikh wars, British conquered the Sikhs, cementing imperial control over India

Question 20

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Answer 20

1857, Indian troops mutinied after they received rifles with cartridges rumored to be greased in animal fat (beef and pork fat violate Hindu and Muslims customs respectively)
Escalated into large scale rebellion, at least 800,000 Indians would die
By 1858, British gov had crushed rebellion
After, British imposed direct imperial rule in India with a viceroy representing British authority

Question 21

Imperialism and its impact: India
post Indian rebellion

Answer 21

Indian Rebellion of 1857
Under british rule, forests were cleared, tea, coffee, and opium were cultivated, and railroads, telegraphs, canals, harbors, and irrigation systems were built
English style schools setup for Indian elites, Indian customs were suppressed
Profound effect on the decline of existing Indian textile production, British merchants wanted Indian cotton to be shipped to England, made into textiles, then sold in India
Server famines became more frequent, British policies focused export agriculture rather than domestic food production, heavy taxes left poorer Indian unable to buy food when prices rose
Between 18th and mid-20th centuries, areas under British administration experienced 14 major famines
British rule inspired sense of Indian national identity
Elites who had been educated in British universities were inspired by Enlightenment values, began to criticize British colonial rule, called political and social reform
Indian National Congress was founded, forum for educated Indians to communicate views on public affairs to colonial officials, initially sought to reform rather than end British rule, but changed by end of the 19th century
Joined with All Indian Muslim league, 1909 wealthy Indian given right to vote, but by that time push for independence had become a mass movement

Question 22

imperialism and its impact: Africa

Answer 22

With exception of coastal colonies and trading posts, European had little presence in Africa in early 19th century
Scramble for Africa
Urabi Revolt
Congo Free State
Berlin Conference
European colonies operated under three main types of ruler: direct rule, indirect rule, and settler rule
French, Belgians, Germans, and Portuguese used direct rule, centralize administration usually in urban centers, enforced assimilation policies by forcing adoption of Western values and customs
British mostly used indirect rule, used indigenous African rulers within teh colonial administration, though they were often relegated to subordinate role
Settler rule is type of colonialism in which European settlers imposed direct rule on their colonies, differed from other colonies in that many immigrants from Europe settled in these colonies
Settlers were not like missionaries or European colonial officials, who often remained attached to their countries of origin, more like early European settlers in the US and Canada, who planned to make colonies their permanent home and displace native population

Question 23

Scramble for Africa

Answer 23

European territorial acquisition was rapid during imperial “Scramble for Africa”
from 1875 to 1914 almost entire continent was divided between European empires
Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two African nations to retain independence

Question 24

Urabi Revolt

Answer 24

1879-1882
Egyptians fight against foreign domination of their country’s government, army, and economy
Naval bombardment of Alexandria, British launched an invasion that defeated rebels and took control of Suez Canal

Question 25

Congo Free State

Answer 25

1885, King Leopold II of Belgium established Congo Free State, ostensibly as free trade zone
But actually, Congo served as his personal colony, with rubber plantations supported by forced labor
Conditions were brutal, infamously workers who didn’t meet their quota would have a hand cut off
Belgian government intervened, made it a colony of the country in 1908

Question 26

Berlin Conference

Answer 26

European competition intensified, world war seemingly loomed
In response to rising tension German Chancellor Otto von Bismarch called Berlin Conference
Delegates, none of whom were AFrica, invited to established ground rule for colonization of Africa
Decided that any European state could establish an African colony after notifying the others and establishing a large enough presence

Question 27

Imperialism and its impact: Japan

Answer 27

Because so strengthened from government sponsored industrialization, able to compete on level of major imperial powers
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) sparked by rebellion Korea, Japan quickly defeated Chinese Fleet and was ceded Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and Liaodong peninsula
China forced to sign unequal treaties with Japan as it had done with wEstern power
1910, Japan annexed Korea
Japan victory in Russo-Japanese War (1904), solidified Japan’s international position
First time a non-European people had defeated a major Western power, inspired anti-colonial activists across the world from Vietnam to Ireland, also inspired states under threat of foreign encroachment such as Ottoman Empire

Question 28

imperialism and its impact: United States

Answer 28

Late 19th century saw a rise in imperialism due to three factors
great power of ear increasingly competed to gain more colonies as a form of national prestige
U.S. business interests were increasingly dependent on foreign trade and resources
Militarism grew increasingly popular, war seen as inherently positive
1893, with support of gov officials, American European business interest conspired to overthrow the kingdom of Hawaii’s queen and establish a republic
Hawaiii was later annexed by United States in 1898
Spanish-American War
US occupation of Philippines led to a long running insurgency there in the Moro Rebellion (1899-1923)
US also sponsored secession of Panama from Columbia in order to secure land for the Panama Canal

Question 29

Spanish-American War

Answer 29

Broke out in 1898, same year as Hawaii annexation
Alleged caused by sinking of the Maine by Spanish forces
Involved United States aiding independence efforts in Cuba to protect financial investments theres, as well as to safeguard the Gulf Coast from a free Cuba potentially leasing its ports to foreign powers
US took control of Cuba, he Philippines, Puerto Rico, and several other islands

Question 30

Legacies of imperialism

Answer 30

Local manufacturers were transformed into suppliers of raw materials and consumers of important goods
Ex. India, cotton cultivated solely for export to England, English textiles were then imported, India was once the world’s leading manufacturer or cotton fabrics but became a consumer of British textiles
Migration increase, Europeans migrated to the US, CAnada, Argentine, Australia, and South AFrica in search of cheap land better economic opportunities, often serving as a new labor force in industrializing areas
Most traveled as free agents, though some were indentured servants
Migrant from Asia and Africa were most often indentured servants that went to tropical lands in the Americas, Te Caribbean, Africa, and Oceania,
After decrease in slavery planters needed laborers to work on their plantation
Most migrant workers were men, gender roles shifted as women took on role that men had previously done
Indentured servants offered free passage, food, shelter, clothing, and some compensation in return for 5-7 years of work, large communities from around the world migrated to new lands, bringing culture and traditions
Migrants often subject to regulations aimed at blocking their entry into a new nation
Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by US Congress in 1882, stopped Chinese immigration for 10 years
“White Australia” policy, discriminate against Asian and Pacific Islander immigrants

Question 31

Slavery

Answer 31

Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality grained traction, many 19th century people in Europe and North America supported the abolition of slavery, since institution fo slavery directly conflicted these ideals
Frequent slave revolts in 1700s and 1800s were making slavery dangerous
Economically, slavery was less profitable as protection from slave revolts required an expensive military force
As the price of sugar decreased, profitability of sugar decline, but price for slaves increased
Many plantation owners shifted their investments to manufacturing, where wage labor was more profitable, since in turn laborers would buy manufactured goods
Smuggling of slavescontinued through much of 19th century, slave trade officially ended first in Great Britain in 1807, then in United States in 1808
While importing slave to United States was illegal after 1808, institution itself was not
Emancipation of slaves occurred in British colonies in 1833, French colonies in 1848, US in 1865, Brazil in 1888
Freedom did not bring equality though, southern US, property requirements, literacy tests, and poll taxes were put in place to prevent freed slave from voting
Many freed slaves were trapped in low paying jobs, such as tenant farming
Throughout British Empire, colonial peoples,especially form China and India, essentially functioned as disposable workforce
End of transatlantic slave trade and eventual emancipation of slaves throughout the Americas led to an increase in indentured servitude
Mid to late 19th century, indentured servants came from Asian nations like India, Ceylon, the Philippines, Indonesia, and China, migration led to distinct cultural changes in many Latin American and Caribbean nations

Question 32

Serfdom

Answer 32

Eastern Europe and Russia home to Slavic peoples, formal decline of slavery meant slavs spent centuries working as serfs instead
Russia, opposition to serfdom been growing since 1700s, some opposed on moral grounds, most saw it as obstacle to economic development and source of instability due to possible peasant revolt
1861, Tsar Alexander II abolished serfdom, gov compensate landowners for loss of land and serfs, serfs gained freedom and labor obligations were canceled
Ex-serfs won few political rights, had to pay a redemption tax for most land they received
Few formers serfs prospered and most were desperately poor and uneducated
Emancipation led to little increase in agricultural product, peasants continued to use traditional methods of farming, but created large urban labor force for the industrializing empire

Question 33

Changing gender roles

Answer 33

Enlightenment thinkers were fairly conservative in views of women’s role in society
Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen critiqued the inequality inherent in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, but was seen as speaking above her station, suspect of being a royalist due to addressing her document to queen, executed during Reign of Terror
Mary Wolllstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792, argued that woman should have access to public education
Declaration of Sentiments at Seneca Falls Conference of 1848, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, commonly considered beginning of women’s suffrage movement in the western world
Britain, Canada, and US, reform and pro democratic women’s movement became active, began to push for right to vote
advocates of feminism wanted legal and economic gains for women, access to professions, education, and right to vote
New Zealand first country to grant women right to vote, then Great Britain and Germany after WWI (1918), then US (1920)

Question 34

African and Asian Influences on European Art

Answer 34

European artists took note of artistics styles of Africa and Asia
Admired dramatic, spare style of traditional West African sculpture, wood, and metalwork
Use of color and stylized forms of design found in Japan
Based on Japanese influences, Impressionists focused on simple themes in nature

Question 35

Cultural Policies of Meiji Japan

Answer 35

Japan opened to industrialization of the West, also heavily influenced by West’s culture
Literature took inspiration from European literature, writers experimented with Western verse
Artists and architects created large buildings of steel, with Greek columns, although wooden buildings continued to predominate until destruction in WWII