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HOS Unit 2 > 18 Cardiac Pump > Flashcards

18 Cardiac Pump Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pressure and volume comparison between the right heart and the left heart?

A

Pressure is lower in right. Volume is the same.

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2
Q

What is phase 1 of the cardiac cycle?

A

inflow–stratified as early (MV opens inflow) and late (flow slows tremendously and atrium contract

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3
Q

What is it called when the mitral valve is open, but there is little flow into the ventricle?

A

Diastasis

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4
Q

What are the three components of phase 1 of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular filling, diastasis and atrial contraction

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5
Q

What is phase 2 of the cardiac cycle?

A

isovolumetric contraction— beginning of systole, follows start of QRS, mitral valve closes, and aortic valve is still closed.

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6
Q

What is phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?

A

Outflow phase–LV pressure exceeds aortic pressure and AV opens

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7
Q

What are the two ejection phases of the outflow phase?

A

rapid and decreased

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8
Q

What is phase 4 of the cardiac cycle?

A

isovolumetric relaxation– AV closes, begin diastole, MV stays closed

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9
Q

What is the initiating event of excitation contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes?

A

AP propagating from adjacent cardiomyocyte rather than neuromuscular junction

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10
Q

Are t-tubules more or less developed in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle?

A

More

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11
Q

What regulates contraction and relaxation in cardiac muscle cells?

A

calcium

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12
Q

What are the three stages of cardiomyocyte relaxation involving Ca 2+?

A
  1. dissociation from troponin c
  2. Extrusion of Ca 2+ out of Myocyte (Na CA exchanger and Ca Pump)
  3. re-uptake into SR (SERCA)
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13
Q

is the non-contractile elastic components of cardiac muscle more or less distensible than skeletal muscle?

A

much less

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14
Q

what is the major elastic component protein responsible for the distensibility property of muscle cells?

A

titin

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15
Q

What two factors determine active length tension in cardiac muscle

A
  1. degree of actin myosin overlap and

2. capacity of Ca2+ to bind to contractile proteins at varying sarcomere lengths.

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16
Q

Is cardiac muscle activated in a more narrow or more broad sacomere length than skeletal muscle?

A

much narrower sarcomere length.

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17
Q

cardiac output is equal to?

A

HR x stroke volume

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18
Q

Cardiac function is dependent on what 3 variables?

A

preload, after load, and intrinsic contractility

19
Q

What is the initial sarcomere length measured as end diastolic volume?

A

pre-load

20
Q

What is the force that the contracting myocardium must overcome or arterial pressure in beating heart?

A

afterload

21
Q

A decrease in afterload causes what shift in the cardiac function curve?

A

up and to the left

22
Q

An increase in afterload causes what shift in the cardiac function curve?

A

down and to the right.

23
Q

An increase in intrinsic contractility causes what shift in the cardiac function curve?

A

up and to the left

24
Q

A decrease in the intrinsic contractility causes what shift in the cardiac function curve?

A

down and to the right

25
Q

which ventricle contracts like bellows with the free wall moving toward septum and base and apex are moving closer together?

A

Right ventricle

26
Q

which ventricle has circular oriented fibers that constrict and and longitudinal fibers to shorten the chamber?

A

left ventricle– twisting movement during contraction due to spiral orientation of fibers

27
Q

What is the percent of blood pumped out of the ventricle during systole called?

A

ejection fraction

28
Q

The PV loop is confined to what region on the passive and active length-tension curves graph?

A

between the active and passive length tension curves?

29
Q

What does segment A-C stand for in the pressure volume loop?

A

ventricular filling

30
Q

What does segment D-F stand for in the pressure volume loop?

A

ventricular ejection

31
Q

What does segment C-D stand for in the pressure volume loop?

A

isovolumetric contraction

32
Q

What does segment F-A stand more in the pressure volume loop?

A

isovolumetric relaxation

33
Q

Is intrinsic contractilit dependent or independent of loading conditions?

A

Independent

34
Q

What does increased contractility do to the PV loop?

A

Increases slope of ESPVR line and the heart ejects to lower volume (increasing stroke volume)

35
Q

Does Increasing end-diastolic volume (AC segment is larger) increase or decrease stroke volume?

A

increases stroke volume (increases volume change during ejection)

36
Q

What can increase the isovolumetric segment (segment CD gets larger, LV pressure is increased)?

A

Increase in aortic pressure

37
Q

What does and increase in aortic pressure do to the stroke volume?

A

It decreases it (ventricle must increase tension before being able to eject)

38
Q

What does the area within the PV loop represent?

A

WORK necessary to pump blood in one cardiac cycle

39
Q

What is the total energy equation for one heart beat?

A

E=PV+1/2mv^2+kTt

40
Q

What is the energy required to generate tension during isovolumetric contraction called?

A

TENSION HEAT (k x T(wall tension) x delta t(length of time in isovolumetric contraction))

41
Q

What component is the major determinant of the total energy requirement of the heart?

A

TENSION HEAT (resting=97%, exercise=90%)

42
Q

What is the majority of the work the heart spends trying to do?

A

generate enough pressure to open aortic valve

43
Q

what is a good estimation (equation) for cardiac workload?

A

HR x mean blood pressure

44
Q

What is phospholambin?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane protein that regulate Ca uptake through SERCA. Phosphorylation releases the inhibition

HOS Unit 2 (21 decks)

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