19 A Nervous System

Question 1

sensory and motor fibers carry impulses to and from CNS; most common type of nerve

Answer 1

Mixed

Question 2

carry impulses from CNS

Answer 2

Motor (efferent)

Question 3

carry impulse to the CNS

Answer 3

Sensory (afferent)

Question 4

tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

Answer 4

Epineurium

Question 5

coarse connective tissue that bundles NERVE fibers into fascicles

Answer 5

Perineurium

Question 6

loose connective tissue that surrounds axons (part of the nerve cell)

Answer 6

Endoneurium

Question 7

cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

Answer 7

Nerve

Question 8

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

Answer 8

Nociceptors

Question 9

respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

Answer 9

Chemoreceptors

Question 10

respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

Answer 10

Photoreceptors

Question 11

sensitive to changes in temperature

Answer 11

Thermoreceptors

Question 12

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

Answer 12

Mechanoreceptors

Question 13

all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord
Includes sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings
Provides links to and from the external environment

Answer 13

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 14

control rate and depth of breathing

Answer 14

Respiratory centers

Question 15

adjusts force and rate of heart contraction

Answer 15

Cardiovascular control center

Question 16

Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial)
Contains nuclei of the reticular formation
Maintains resting breathing

Answer 16

Pons

Question 17

relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways

Answer 17

Red nucleus

Question 18

secretes dopamine

Answer 18

Substantia nigra

Question 19

auditory relay centers

Answer 19

Inferior colliculi

Question 20

visual reflex centers

Answer 20

Superior colliculi

Question 21

four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain

Answer 21

Corpora quadrigemina

Question 22

Nuclei that control cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

Answer 22

Midbrain Nuclei

Question 23

Consists of three regions –
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata
Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival (breathing and heart rate)
Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers
Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 23

Brain Stem

Question 24

Endocrine gland called the _________________
Stores many hormones produced by the hypothalmus

Answer 24

Master Gland

Question 25

Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus

Answer 25

Releasing hormones control secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce ADH and oxytocin

Question 26

Hypothalamic Function

Answer 26

Controls mechanisms needed to maintain normal body temperature

Question 27

Acts like a secretary at an office. It takes in all sensory information, filters out things that are not needed and directs the impulse to where it should go.

Answer 27

Thalamus

Question 28

Thalamus Contains four groups of nuclei

Answer 28

anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior

Question 29

a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 29

Choroid plexus

Question 30

a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood

Answer 30

Melatonin

Question 31

extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin

Answer 31

Pineal gland

Question 32

Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle

Answer 32

Epithalamus

Question 33

Central core of the forebrain Consists of three paired structures 1. Epithalamus and Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pituitary Gland

Answer 33

Diencephalon

Question 34

enter the hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers

Answer 34

Projection fibers

Question 35

connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Answer 35

Association fibers

Question 36

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

Answer 36

Commissures

Question 37

Plays a role in language and problem solving Recognizes and predicts sequences of events Figuring out Rubic cube happens here

Answer 37

Cerebellar Cognitive Function

Question 38

receives impulses of the intent to initiate

Answer 38

Cerebellum

Question 39

calculates the best way to perform a movement

Answer 39

Cerebellar cortex

Question 40

connect the cerebellum to the medulla

Answer 40

Inferior peduncles

Question 41

connect the cerebellum to the pons

Answer 41

Middle peduncles

Question 42

connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

Answer 42

Superior peduncles

Question 43

Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral

Answer 43

Cerebellar Peduncles

Question 44

distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter (dendrites and axons)

Answer 44

Arbor vitae

Question 45

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla Protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum Makes up 11% of the brain’s mass Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction (driving, typing, playing guitar, throwing a ball ect.) Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously Two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis

Answer 45

The Cerebellum

Question 46

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Answer 46

Central sulcus

Question 47

Deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes

Answer 47

1.Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital 5. Insula

Question 48

grooves between Gyri -Pleural- Sulci

Answer 48

Sulcus

Question 49

look like macaroni - Pleural-Gyri

Answer 49

Gyrus

Question 50

Form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of its mass Contain ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sulci) Contain deep grooves called fissures Are separated by the longitudinal fissure Have three basic regions: 1. Cortex-Outer surface containing mainly grey matter (bodies(soma)) nerve cell 2. (White matter (nerve cell processes) 3. Basal nuclei clusters of nerve cell bodies with specific functions (Relay stations)

Answer 50

Cerebral Hemispheres

Question 51

Composed of four parts 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon a. Thalmus b. Hypothalmus c. Pituitary Gland 4. Brain Stem a. Mid Brain b. Pons c. Medulla Oblongata Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem

Answer 51

The Brain

Question 52

Due to blockage of drainage of CSF usually a result of a brain tumor or severe head trauma. Can result in headaches and brain damage or death. Treatment is to remove the blockage if possible or place a shunt into the ventricles running it into a neck vein.

Answer 52

Hydrocephalus

Question 53

Deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

Answer 53

Pia Mater

Question 54

The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering It is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space Beneath the arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and large blood vessels Arachnoid villi protrude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood

Answer 54

Arachnoid Mater

Question 55

horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure that forms a tent over the cerebellum. It separates the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Answer 55

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 56

sagittal fold that runs along the vermis of the cerebellum

Answer 56

Falx cerebelli

Question 57

sagittal fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemisphere. It attaches to the Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone

Answer 57

Falx cerebri

Question 58

Means “tough mother” Leathery, strong meninx (singular for meninges) composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers. a. Periosteal Layer-is connected to the periosteum of the cranial bones. b. Meningeal layer- forms true external covering of the brain. Forms the dural sheath of the spinal cord. In certain areas these two layers separate and form dural sinuses which collect venous blood from the brain and drains it into the the internal jugular veins

Answer 58

Dura Mater

Question 59

forms true external covering of the brain. Forms the dural sheath of the spinal cord.

Answer 59

Meningeal layer

Question 60

is connected to the periosteum of the cranial bones.

Answer 60

Periosteal Layer

Question 61

Functions of the meninges

Answer 61

1. Cover and protect the CNS 2. Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses 3. Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 4. Form partitions within the skull and keeps brain from bouncing around the skull.

Question 62

Three connective tissue membranes lie external to the CNS

Answer 62

A. Dura mater B. Arachnoid mater C. Pia mater

Question 63

Cranial Bones

Answer 63

1. Frontal 2. Parietals 3. Occipital 4. Temporals 5. Sphenoid 6. Ethmoid

Question 64

shields the brain from harmful substances.

Answer 64

Blood-brain barrier

Question 65

The brain is protected by

Answer 65

1. Bone- Cranial bones 2. Meninges: a. Dura Mater b. Arachnoid Mater c. Pia Mater 3. Cerebral spinal Fluid (CSF) 4. Blood-brain barrier