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NEUROLOGY 1a > 1a Central Nervous System > Flashcards

1a Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sections of the brain called?

A

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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2
Q

What does the diencephelon consist of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

What are the three compoents of the hind brain?

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

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4
Q

What are the four lobes called?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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5
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

regulates motor function, language and cognitive function

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6
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Processes auditory information

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7
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Sensation, sensory aspects of language and spacial orientation

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8
Q

What doe the occipital lobe do?

A

Processes visual information

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9
Q

What does the insular cortex do?

A

visceral sensations and autonomic control

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10
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A

The hippocamus, amygdala, mamillary body and cingulate cortex

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11
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dura called?

A

Meningeal and periosteal

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges called?

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia

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14
Q

Which layer of the dura is present in the vertebral column?

A

meningeal layer

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15
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

The choroid Plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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16
Q

What reabsorbs the CSF and into where?

A

arachnoid villi into superior sagittal sinus

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17
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of cell bodies of sensory neurones outside the CNS

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18
Q

At what levels does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

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19
Q

Where do spinal nerves C1-7 emerge?

A

Above the corresponding vertebrae

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20
Q

Where do spinal nerves C8 to S5 emerge>

A

Below the corresponding vertebrae

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21
Q

Where does cervical enlargement start and end?

A

Starts at C3 level and ends at T1

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22
Q

What is the point of cervical enlargement between C3 and T1?

A

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is the source of the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus and supply the upper limbs.

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23
Q

Where does the lumbar enlargement occur?

A

Extends between L1 and S2

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24
Q

what is the point of the lumbar enlargement?

A

Contains the spinal nerves which innervate the lower limbs

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25
Q

What do ascending tracts do?

A

Carry sensory information from the body to the CNS

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26
Q

How many cells thick is the pia mater layer of the meninges ?

A

2

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27
Q

Compare CSF to plasma?

A

CSF has a lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

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28
Q

What are the two main ascending pathways called?

A

Dorsal column and spinothalamic tract

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29
Q

What is the dorsal column for?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception

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30
Q

Where does the dorsal column take information from?

A

The skin and joints

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31
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract for?

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch from the skin

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32
Q

What is the main descending pathway called?

A

Corticospinal tract

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33
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic tract is for crude touch?

A

Ventral spinothalamic

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34
Q

Where do most of the upper motor neurones originate in the corticospinal tract?

A

primary motor cortex or pre motor frontal areas

35
Q

Where do lateral corticospinal neurones decussate?

A

Most in the medulla (85%)

36
Q

What do lateral corticospinal tract neurones innervate?

A

limbs and digits

37
Q

When do anterior corticospinal neurones decussate?

A

In the spinal cord at the level in which they exit

38
Q

What do anterior ventral corticospinal tract neurones innervate?

A

The trunk, shoulder and neck muscles

39
Q

What is the purpose of the corticobulbar tract?

A

Controls head, neck and spine

40
Q

Which nuclei of cranial nerve are innervated by the corticobulbar tract?

A

5, 7, 9 and 12

41
Q

What percentage of corticobulbar fibres decussate?

A

50%

42
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract synpase with?

A

Motor cranial nerves in the brainstem

43
Q

What are the lower motor neurones of the corticobulbar tract? and what do they do?

A

motor nuclei of the cranial nerves - carry efferent signals directly to the muscles of the face, head and neck.

44
Q

Information from the lower limbs and body travels ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

Gracile

45
Q

Information from the upper limbs and body travels ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

Cuneate

46
Q

Where do the gracile and cuneate tracts decussate?

A

Medulla

47
Q

Where do second order neurones of the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

they decussate immediately in the spinal cord

48
Q

Where do 2nd and third oder neurones synpase?

A

The thalamus

49
Q

Where do third order neurones from the thalamus project to?

A

The somatosensory cortex

50
Q

After the dorsal pathway has crossed to the other side, what does it form?

A

The contralateral medial lemniscus tract

51
Q

What is the place where first order neurones and second order neurones that come from the lower limbs synpase?

A

Nucleus gracilis

52
Q

What is the place where first order neurones and second order neurones that come from the upper limbs synpase?At

A

nucleus cuneate

53
Q

Where do anterior corticospinal tract neurones decussate?

A

At the level of the spinal cord where they exit

54
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei synapsed with at the midbrain level?

A

3,4,6

55
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei synapsed with at the pons level?

A

5 and 7

56
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei synapsed with at the medulla level?

A

9, 10, 11, 12

57
Q

What medication is given to reduce jerky movements

A

Diazepam

58
Q

Where do fibres enter into the dorsal column pathway from?

A

The dorsal horm

59
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

60
Q

What sulcus is found between the pre-central gyrus and post-central gyrus?

A

Central sulcus

61
Q

Where are the upper and lower motor neurons for the corticospinal tract found?

A

Upper motor neurons - Primary Motor Cortex

Lower motor neurons - Brainstem (medulla) and Spinal Cord

62
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

63
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

64
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Control of breathing and emotional motor function

65
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

Only becomes functional after injury to corticospinal tract

66
Q

Where would the first synapse be of the cuneate tract?

A

Cuneate nucleus

67
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic tract takes information about crude touch?

A

Ventral spinothalmic tract

68
Q

Outline the pathways of the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

A

Primary afferent axons terminate upon entering the spinal cord

Second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord and form the spinothalamic tract

2nd order neurons terminate in the thalamus

3rd order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

69
Q

How much CSF is produced at any one time, and in any one day?

A

125ml at any one time and 500ml a day

70
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the choroid plexus of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricle

71
Q

How many cervical pairs of nerves are there?

A

8 pairs of nerves

72
Q

How many thoracic pairs of nerves are there?

A

12

73
Q

How many lumbar pairs of nerves are there?

A

5

74
Q

How many saccral pairs of nerves are there?

A

5

75
Q

How many coccygeal pairs of nerves are there?

A

1

76
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

77
Q

Where does C8 spinal nerve emerge from?

A

Below the C7 Vertabrae

78
Q

After Spinal nerve C8, Where do the more inferior spinal nerves leave from?

A

Below the corresponding vertabrae eg T4 nerve emerges from below T4

79
Q

Where is the pre-central gyrus found?

A

In front of the central sulcus

80
Q

Where are the lower motor neurones of the corticspinal tract that innervate the head and neck muscles found?

A

In the brain stem

81
Q

Where are the lower motor neurones of the corticospinal tract that innervate the trunk and limb muscles found?

A

In the spinal cord

82
Q

What percentage of upper motor neurones in the corticospinal tract decussate in the medulla?

A

85% as this makes up the lateral corticospinal tract

83
Q

What percentage of upper motor neurones in the corticospinal tract decussate in the spinal cord?

A

15%

NEUROLOGY 1a (21 decks)

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