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Mahathi Neurology > 1b Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

1b Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanical sensors of the vestibular system?

A

Canals and otoliths

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2
Q

What is the input signal for the vestibular system?

A

movement and Gravity

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3
Q

What are the outputs of the vestibular system?

A

ocular reflex
Postural control

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4
Q

Where are the utricle and the saccule located?

A

in the vestibule, joined by a conduit

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5
Q

What are the three semi-circular canals on each ear calld?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral

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6
Q

What do the semicircular canals have on one side and what are they connected to?

A

They have an ampulla and connected to the utricle

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7
Q

What are the two otolith organs?

A

The utricle and the saccule

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8
Q

Where are the hair cells located on otolith organs?

A

Maculae

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9
Q

How are the maculae placed on the saccule?

A

Vertically

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10
Q

How are the maculae placed on the utricle?

A

horizontally

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11
Q

What type of movements do the utricles detect?

A

horizontal movements

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12
Q

What type of movements do the saccule detect>

A

up and down linear movements

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13
Q

What does the maculae contain?

A

Hair cells, gelatinous matrix and the otoliths

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14
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Carbonate crystals that help the deflection of hair

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15
Q

What detects linear movement and tilt?

A

otolith movement

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16
Q

Where are the hair cells of the semi circular canals located?

A

At the ampulla

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17
Q

What does the rest of the vestibular canal contain?

A

endolymph which is high in potassium

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18
Q

What is the crista of the ampulla?

A

where the hair cells are located

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19
Q

What is the cupula?

A

Structure which surrounds the hair cells of the ampullary crista which helps the hair cell movement

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20
Q

Which two planes for a 90 degree angle?

A

Anterior and posterior

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21
Q

What direction do the lateral canals go in?

A

Horizontal to the other canals

22
Q

What shape are the canals?

A

Semi-circular

23
Q

What type of acceleration do the semi-circular canals provide information on?

A

Angular acceleration

24
Q

What causes the hair cells to depolarise?

A

movement of the lymph generated through movement of the head

25
Q

What happens to the nerve discharge when the hairs move towards the kinocilium?

A

Generates depolarisation and increase in nerve discharge

26
Q

What happens to the nerve discharge when the hairs move away from the kinocilium?

A

generates hyperpolarisation and a reduction in nerve discharge

27
Q

Where do the primary afferents of the vestibular nerve end?

A

IN THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI IN THE PONS

28
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular system?

A

Detect and inform about head movements
Keep images fixed in the retina during head movements
balance

29
Q

What is the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex?

A

When a quick movement of the head results in the eyes still focusing on the object

Keeps images fixed in the retina

30
Q

What is the vestibulo Spinal reflex?

A

A reflex when the body falls to keep head up

31
Q

What eye movements does the VOR (Vestibular Ocular Reflex) result in?

A

Eye movement in the opposite direction to head movement but same velocity and amplitude

32
Q

How are vestibular disorders characterised?

A

by timing and laterality

33
Q

What are the main complaints of Acute and unilateral vestibular disorders?

A

Imbalance, Dizziness, vertigo and naseua

34
Q

What are the main complains of Slow progression and unilateral (or any bilateral) vestibular disorders?

A

Imbalance and nausea - no vertigo

35
Q

What is Vestibular neuritis?

A

inflammation of the vestibular organ

36
Q

what is affected in peripheral vestibular disorders?

A

vestibular organ and/or 8th cranial nerve

37
Q

What is affected in central vestibular disorders?

A

CNS (Brainstem/cerebellum)

38
Q

What are some examples of peripheral vestibular disorders?

A

Vestibular neuritis
benign Paroxysmal Positional vertigo
meniere’s disease

39
Q

What are some examples of central vestibular disorders?

A

Stroke
MS
Tumours

40
Q

What is BPPV?

A

benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo = When the crystal balls become dislodged

41
Q

What are the red flag symptoms for vestibular disorders?

A

Headache
gait problems
hyperacute onset
hearing Loss
Prolonges sympoms

42
Q

What is eye skew?

A

When you cover one eye, the eye then returns to the normal position as it was not in it before

43
Q

What are acute balance disorders?

A

Vestibular neuritis
stroke

44
Q

What are some examples of intermittent balance disorders?

A

benign Paroxysmal Positional vertigo

45
Q

What are some examples of recurrent balance disorders?

A

Migraine
Menieres Disease

46
Q

What are some examples of progressive balance disorders?

A

Schwannoma vestibular
Degerative Conditions

47
Q

What is the HINTS test?

A

Head Impulse test
Nystagmus
Test of Skew deviation

48
Q

What is the HINTS test used to do?

A

Differentiate between vestibular neuritis or stroke

49
Q

What is the Dix Hallpike test used to do?

A

Diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

50
Q

What condition?

Sudden intermittent vertigo crisis, felt like the room was spinning

When the patient sat down the spinning improved

A

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Mahathi Neurology (22 decks)

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