2: Historical Methods and Sources

Question 1

The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.

Answer 1

HISTORICAL METHOD

Question 2

To study objectively (intention of acquiring detached and truthful knowledge independent of one’s personal reactions) a thing must first be an object and must have an independent resistance outside the human mind).

Answer 2

HISTORICAL METHOD

Question 3

Most of history is based on the human mind since most of history is based upon ______

Answer 3

recollection (written or spoken history).

Question 4

Historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use ________ and other evidence to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past.

Answer 4

primary sources

Question 5

The question of the nature, and even the possibility, of a sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history as a question of ______

Answer 5

Epistemology

Question 6

The study of historical method and writing is known as

Answer 6

historiography

Question 7

True or False

In reconstruction, every part of what was observed is remembered, every part of what was remembered is recorded, was recorded in historian’s attention.

Answer 7

FALSE.

It was only a part (not every part in history is written)

Question 8

any thing or place from which something comes, arises, or is obtained; origin:

Answer 8

Source

Question 9

Published materials (books, journals etc.) and manuscript (handwritten and unprinted like archival materials and memoirs)

These are what type of source?

Answer 9

Written Sources

Question 10

What type of Source?

-Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.

Answer 10

Non written Sources

Question 11

-Testimony of an eyewitness

This is what type of Origin?

Answer 11

Primary Sources

Question 12

• It must have been produced by a contemporary of that is narrated. It is a document or physical object written or created during the time under study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event.

This is what type of Origin?

Answer 12

Primary Sources

Question 13

Interpret and analyze primary sources

This is what type of Origin?

Answer 13

Secondary Sources

Question 14

They are one or more steps removed from the event. Examples are printed textbooks.

This is what type of Origin?

Answer 14

Secondary Sources

Question 15

Historical Sources according to Form

Answer 15

Written Sources
Non written Sources

Question 16

Historical Sources according to Origin

Answer 16

Primary Source
Secondary Source

Question 17

is a set of skills that allows you to think carefully about the nature of historical sources. Rather than simply accepting what sources say, these skills help you to develop a healthy skepticism about the reasons a source was made and whether you can trust it.

Answer 17

HISTORICAL SOURCE CRITICISM

Question 18

The two Scandinavian historians that formulated the core principles of source criticism

Answer 18

Olden-Jørgensen (1998) and Thurén (1997)

Question 19

Human sources may be relics. Give example of relics

Answer 19

Fingerprint; or narratives such as a statement or a letter

Question 20

True or False

Narratives are more credible sources than Relics.

Answer 20

False.

Question 21

Any given source may be forged or corrupted

True or False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Strong indications of the originality of the source increase its

Answer 22

reliability

Question 23

True or False

The closer a source is to the event which it purports to describe, the more one can trust it to give an accurate historical description of what actually happened

Answer 23

True

Question 24

A _____ is more reliable than a secondary source which is more reliable than a tertiary source, and so on.

Answer 24

Primary source

Question 25

If a number of independent sources contain the same message, the credibility of the message is _______

Answer 25

The credibility of the message is strongly increased

Question 26

should be minimized or supplemented with opposite motivations.

Answer 26

Tendencies (Bias)

Question 27

The _____ of a source is its motivation for providing some kind of bias.

Answer 27

Tendency

Question 28

If it can be demonstrated that the witness or source has ________ in creating bias then the credibility of the message is increased.

Answer 28

no direct interest in creating bias

Question 29

Internal Criticism is referred also as

Answer 29

Historical reliability or Constructive Feedback

Question 30

it is the researcher’s effort to recover the text’s sense. This is the hermeneutic process in which the scholar interacts with the text's context rather than the document's exterior features.

Answer 30

Internal criticism

Question 31

External criticism is referred also as

Answer 31

Authenticity and provenance

Question 32

is a mechanism whereby historians decide whether a source is credible by testing the source’s authenticity.

Answer 32

External criticism

Question 33

to recover the text’s sense

Answer 33

hermeneutic process