2023 paper1 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What plant does aspirin originate from
Willow
Suggest one reason why a report making claims about the effects of chemical A may be biased
For financial gain
-to prevent financial loss
Give 3 reasons why drug trials occur
to test toxicity
to check dosage
to check efficacy
Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs (and where is it located in heart)
received in left atrium, delivered by pulmonary vein
which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where in heart is it
right ventricle
Where is the heart is the pacemaker found
right atrium
Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on human body [6 MARKS]
-reduced blood flow to heart
-less oxygen to heart
-less glucose to heart
-less aerobic respiration
-more anaerobic respiration
-less energy released
-less muscle contraction
-less blood flow around body
-less co2 removed so breathlessness & tiredness
-build up in lactic acid causes muscle fatigue
How do bacteria cause symptoms like vomiting and diarroea
they release toxins
The food poisoning outbreak could have been prevented if he farm animals had been vaccinated.
Explain how: [4 MARKS]
-The immune systems of animals respond to a vaccination
-The immune response in farm animals prevents an outbreak of food poisoning in humans
Vaccination:
-white blood cells (lymphocytes) produce anitbodies
-anitbodies are specific to salmonella antigens
-antibodies bind to antigens
-if infected antibodies are produced quickly
-so antibodies would kill salmonella
-fewer bacteria in animals (+ products)
Humans:
-fewer bacteria eaten
-number of bacteria never reaches high enough level for infection to develop
-so fewer toxins produced in humans
List aseptic techniques used in rpa
-disinfect hands/work surface
-sterilise petri dish or culture medium
-pass inocculating loo through flame
-work near flame
-tilt lid of dish when placing discs on agar (minimise contact with air)
-secure lid of dish with adhesive tape
Suggest why an antibiotic no longer has effect on salmonella bacteria
Because salmonella bacteria has become RESISTANT to antibiotic B
Where does digitalis come from, +how can it be used as a drug
foxglove plant leaves
used to stimulate heart muscle and increase heart rate
Explain 2 effects of anaerobic respiration on the person’s body [4 MARKS]
-muscle fatigue/ oxygen debt
cause by build up of lactic acid
-fast breathing
to provide the oxygen needed to break down lactic acid
-increased heart rate
-to provide the oxygen needed to break down lactic acid
-weaker muscle contractions
because less energy is released
Design an investigation to show the effect of different types of exercise on the heart rate of athletes [6 MARKS]
-test a group of athletes
-3 intensities of exercise
-get each athlete to do all exercises
-record initial and final heart rate and find increase
-calculate mean increase for each exercise
-compare mean increased
controls: age, sex, same exercise, same caffeine intake, same length of time doing exercise, no health issues, return to resting before each exercise
Explain how an increase in muscle mass could improve an athlete’s performance
stronger muscle contractions due to athlete being stronger
Describe how scientists make monoclonal antibodies using the cell created when a mouse lymphocyte and a tumour cell combine
-cell is cloned
-many identical cells produced
-all cells make same antibody
-antibody is purified
What happens when a pregnancy test shows no dyed areas
no monoclonal antibodies have bounded to control area
List differences between asexual and sexual reproduction
Sexual:
-involves 2 parents
-involves fametes fusing
-offspring are genetically different
-involves meiosis
-more energy required
-slower
Describe the process of cell division by mitosis
-after dna replication
one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell
-nucleus divides
-cytoplasm/cell membrane divides to form 2 cells
