Population
A group of people who live in a specified geographic area
Census
Counting of a population
Population composition
The biological and social characteristics of a population including age, sex, race
Sex ratio
Number of males for every 100 females in a nations population
Age sex pyramid
Graphic representation of the age and sex of a population
Fertility
Incidence of childbearing in a country’s population
Mortality rate
Incidence of death
Migration
Movement of people into and out a country
Crude birth rate
Number of births given year for every 1000 people in a population
Fecundity
Potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity
Crude death rate
Number of deaths in a given year for every 1000 people In a population
Infant mortality rate
Number of deaths among infants under one year of age for every 1000 people in a population
Life expectancy
The median number of a years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions
Immigrants
Enter a country to establish permanent residence
Emigrants
Leave a country permanently
Growth rate
The difference between births and death, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1000 population
Malthusian perspective
Lays out problem
If left unchecked the population would exceed the available food supply
Marxist perspective
Provides solution
Though the use of technology food can be produced for a growing population
Neo Malthusian perspective
New problem
Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems
Urbanization
The concentration of population into cities
Cosmopolitan
Students, artist, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities
Unmarried
And childless people live in the city to be close to work and entertainment
Ethnic villagers
Live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods
Deprived
Poor people with dim future prospects
Trapped
Downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city
Health
State of complete physical, mental, well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
Social epidemiology
The study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population
Incidence
The number of new cases of a specific disorder I curing within a given population during a stated period
Prevalence
The total number of cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time
Sick role
Patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill
Social change
The transformation of culture and social institutions over time
Collective behavior
Activity involving a large number of people that is often controversial and sometimes dangerous
Institutionalized behavior
Well organized and rather predictable
Panic
Form of collective behavior in which people in one place react to a threat or other stimulus with irrational, frantic, and often self destructive behavior
Mob
Highly emotional crowd that pursues a violent or destructive goal
Riot
Social eruption that is highly emotional, violent, and undirected
Crowd
Temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another
Casual crowd
A loose collection of people who interact little
Conventional crowd
Results from deliberate planning. The behavior of people follows a clear set of norms
Expressive crowd
Forms around an event with emotional appeal
Acting crowd
Collectivity motivated by an intense, single minded purpose
Protest crowd
Engages in activity intended to achieve specific political goals
Contagion theory
Crowds have a hypnotic influence on their members. People forget about responsibility and give into the contagious emotions of the crowd
Convergence theory
Crowd behavior comes from the particular people who join in.
Rumor
Unconfirmed information that people spread informally, often by word of mouth
Gossip
Rumors about people’s personal affairs
Public opinion
Widespread to widespread attitudes about controversial issues
Social movement
An organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
Alternative movements
Seek limited change in only a part of the problem. Help people alter their lives
Redemptive
Target specific people but they seek radical change. Redeem their lives
Reformative
Aim for only limited social Change but target everyone
Revolutionary
Seek the transformation of an entire society
Resource mobilization theory
A variety of resources are necessary for a social movement
Relative deprivation theory
People who are discontent when they compare their achievements with those of others consider themselves relatively deprived
Demography
The study of the human population