Immunity - what does it mean?
Means protection and it means the body’s insensitivity to harmful and non harmful agents
Types of immunity
- Inate
- Aquired
Innate immunity
- 1st line of defense
- ready to act even before the pathogen has entered the body
- activated immediatly after the pathogen has entered the body
-inate immunity is non-specifc, not directed to all types of pathogen - rapid response
INNATE IMMUNITY - Barrier defenses
- skin
- mucous membranes
- secretions
INNATE IMMUNITY - Internal defenses
- phagocytic cells
- natural killer cells
- anti microbial proteins
- inflammatory
Physiological Barriers
- skin: barrier
- mucous membrane: sectrets mucous to waft and moves pathogen that are found in the digestive, urinary, respiratory along
Internal Defenses
- Cellular (direct action of immune cells)
- humoral (via proteins)
Cellular Defense Mechanisms
PHAGOCYTOSIS
-2 main types of phagocytic cells in mammalian body:
Neutrophils (microphages)
- Small
- Segmented nucleus (“polymorphonuclear”)
- Circulate in the blood – first barrier in limiting the inflammatory process.
- Migrate through the capillary walls to the sites of tissue damage, where they engulf and destroy the pathogens.
- Short-lived (from a few hours to 4 days)
Macrophages
* Larger
* Unsegmented kidney-shaped nucleus (“mononuclear”)
* Inactive in the blood vessels and stay there very little
* After passing into the connective tissue, they transform into macrophages.
* Long-lived
Mechanism of phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis and adherenceof microbe to phagocyte
- Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
- Formation of a phagosome
- Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
- Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
- Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
- Discharge of waste materials
Extracellular Killing
- Eosinophillis and NK cells are used when pathogen is too big for phagocytosis
EOSINOPHILLIS CELLS
-pour out content of the granules
- found in blood and submucous tissues
- contain histamine
NK CELLS (NATURAL KILLER CELLS)
- kill by cytolysis
- have large granules called perofins
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1. Basic Methods In Bio1
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2. Protiens Functions of proteins. Structure– primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Medical importance of the protein structure. Analysis of proteins.9
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3. Nucleic acid primary3
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4. Nucleic acids. Secondary and tertiary structure of DNA.2
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5. Nucleic acids. Structure of RNA. RNA types and functions.2
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6. Comparative structural and functional characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells8
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7. The cell - an open biological system. Intercellular signalling. Cell contacts. Cell receptors.6
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8. Individual cell development. Cell senescence. Elements of cellular ageing. Apoptosis and necrosis6
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9. Cell reproduction. Cell cycle. Mitosis.10
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10. Cell reproduction. Mitosis (M-phase). Cell cycle regulation – control systems.2
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11. Principle of replication. Enzymes involved in the replication and their spatial organization. DNA polymerases.7
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12. Other enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins required for DNA replication.4
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13. DNA repair.3
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14. Transcription. RNA polymerases. Stages of transcription.3
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15. RNA maturation.3
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16. Genetic code. Translation8
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17.Protein transport in cell organelles. Post-translational modifications of proteins. Aging and degradation of proteins.2
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20. Submicroscopic and microscopic structure of chromosomes. Human karyotype. Methods of karyotyping and chromosome analysis.3
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22.Innate immunity. Physiological barriers. Cellular defence mechanisms.8
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23. Humoral defence mechanisms. Complement.3
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24.Inflammation. Interferons.5
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25.Acquired immunity. Types. Structure of antibodies. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Antigen-antibody reaction.5
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26.Antigens (immune response inducers). Haptens.3
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27. Functions of antibodies. Functions of the different classes of immunoglobulins. Antibody-based hypersensitivity reactions.2
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28.Molecules of cell-mediated immunity.T-cell receptor. The major tissue-compatibility complex. Epitopes recognized by T lymphocytes.6
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29. Functions of different types of T lymphocytes.3
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30. Central (primary) lymphoid organs. Differentiation of lymphocytes in central lymphoid organs.5
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31. Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs. Immune response in peripheral lymphoid organs.8
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32. Primary and secondary immune response. Immune memory.2
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33. Regulation of the immune response. Immune tolerance. Mechanisms.7
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34. Transplantations. Types of transplants and immunological basis of transplantation.2
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35. Transplantation antigens. Mechanisms of transplant rejection.2
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36. The ABO(H) system. Biosynthesis of ABO(H) and Lewis antigens.2
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37. Rhesus system. Maternal-foetal immunological conflict.2
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38. Cellular basis of sexual reproduction. Haploid-diploid cycle. Meiosis.3
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39. Gametogenesis. Spermatogenesis. Oogenesis.5
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40. Fertilization. Internal fertilization in mammals.1
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42. In vitro fertilization.1
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42. Individual development. Blastogenesis. Segmentation. Formation of the blastocyst.2
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43. Implantation. Formation of a two-layer germ disc.2
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44.Gastrulation (formation of the three-layered germ disc). Function of the primary streak2
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45. Elements of organogenesis. Derivatives of germ layers.1
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46.Postembryonic period. Old age and death.2
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47. Modern diagnostic and scientific approaches4
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48. Recombinant DNA technologies (genetic engineering). Restrictases. Genomic cloning. DNA sequencing. Southern blot.4
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51. Organismal cloning of plants and animals. Embryonic and adult stem cells.3
