Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > 2.3 Digestive System Liver, Pancreas Gallbladder > Flashcards

2.3 Digestive System Liver, Pancreas Gallbladder Flashcards

0
Q

Parakeritinsed epithelium?

A

Hard palate/masticatory mucosa.
Superficial cells not pyknotic nuclei.

What is pyknotic ? Irreversible condensation of chromatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

9 main areas of digestive system and function?

A

Oral cavity - ingestion and initial fragmentation

Tongue and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

names for parotid and submandibular gland ducts?

A

Stensens and whartons duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of tongue papillae?

A

Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, foliate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How to differentiate between oesophagus and ureter?

A

Muscularis externa - oesophagus inner circular outer longitudinal. Ureter - opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organs of GI tract and accessory organ

A

Mouth, isthmus of fauces, oesophagus, stomach, si, li, cecum, rectum

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glands of GI tract?

A

Intraepithelial - goblet cells

Mural
Intra - tunica : mucosa, submucosa
Extra - major salivary glands, liver, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of digestive system? (6)

A 
Ingestion, swallowing 
H+ secretion, digestive enzymes
Mixing and propulsion
Absorption
Reabsorption of water and undigested mat
Elimination of digested material - defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oral cavity consists of?

What is the isthmus of fauces?

A

Cheeks, hard and soft palate, tongue
Space extends from gums + teeth

Fauces - opening between oral cavity + pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Salivary glands (3)

A

Moist and clean oral cavity
Secretion of mucus increase - chemical digestion
3 pairs of glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Frenulums - teeth?

A

Decidous - baby teeth, 6months, 20 by 2 years, fall out by 2-6 years

Permanent - 32 total, 3rd set of molars by end of adolecense (Widom teeth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tongue structure, extra (2)

A

Mostly muscular -
grip + reposition food
Swallowing
Speech

Taste buds - circumvallate, foliate, fungiform, filiform papillae
Lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the isthmus of fauces?

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pharynx (3)

A

Naso - respiratory

Oral - digestive and respiratory

Laryngo - digestive and respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Opening of laryngopharynx regulated by

A

Epiglottis -> elastic cartilage - 9th cartilage of larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different phases of swallowing?

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structure of pharynx ?

Muscular and adventitia

A

Pseudostratified ciliated
Oro+laryngopharnx -> ssnk

Striated skeletal muscle
Adventitia external to muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the pharyngeal aponeurosis?

A

Fibroelastic ct -> muscle insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Muscle of pharynx(3)

Innervation

A

Constrictor muscles
Sup, mid, inf
Squeeze bolus -> into esophagus
Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Esophagus (5)

A

Food swallow -> folding longitudinal of lumen
C6-T10
25cm length
Behind trachea
Passes thru oesophageal hiatus (diaphragm) -> enter abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 constrictions of esophagus?

4 parts and length?

A

Cricoid, aortic, bronchial, diaphragmatic

Cervical 4-5, mediastinic 16, diaphagmatic 1-2, abdominal 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GI Tract - general structure 4

Describe first 2 and how increase SA of first?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria (MALT LCT with capillaries)
Muscularis mucosa - thin layer of sm cells - local movements
Submucosa - CT - minor blood+lymph vessels , nerves - elastic fibres - regain shape

Plicae, microvilli, villi, glands/crypts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Last 2 layers of GI tract?

And innervation of muscularis externa

A

Muscularis externa - 2 layers of SM - peristalsis, segmentation
Inner circular - squeezes, formation of sphincters
Outer longitudinal - shortens gut

Myenteric plexus between ME.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Submucosal plexus of gi tract?

A

Meissner plexus -> control gland, sensory function, contraction of MM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structure of esophagus?

A

Mucosa - ss non keratinised, lp, mm
Submucosa – seromucous glands
Muscularis externa - inner and outer
In thirds : sup - skeletal. Mid - sm and skeletal. Inf - only sm

Adventitia - CT, no serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Esophagus - seromucous glands?

A

Secrete thin layer of mucus - lubrication

Esophageal cardiac glands - tubular - only LP - terminal part of oesophagus - neutral mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Muscosa and submucosa form?

A

Longitudinal folds -> stellate aspect of lumen disappears when swallowing. Reappears -> elastic recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Muscularis mucosa where evident in esophagus?

Submucosa contain.,

A

2nd and 3rd part

Elastic fibres, venous plexuses, drain into venous + hepatic portal circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gastro-oesophageal junction (3)

A

Z line
Abrupt transition
Ss - epithelium - secretory mucosa (simple columnar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2 sphincters of eosophagus?

A

UES - sup - cricopharyngeal sphincter - mech of swallowing + prevent air entrance

LES - inf - prevent reflux of acid into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is reflux esophagitis?

A

Ulceration, difficulty swallowing (caudal stratified - replaced by columnar - lose resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Development defect of diaphram?

A

Hernia hiatus - herniation of abdominal portion of oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Abdomen surgical ares?

A

Left and right:
Hypochrondium
Lumber
Iliac fossa

In the centre : epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Example of retroperitoneal and extra peritoneal organs!

A

Pancreas, kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Duodenum and post abdominal wall?

A

Not completely surround by peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Abdominal aorta splits into

A

Celiac ( gastric, common hepatic, gastrodudenal )
sup - (ascending and transverse colon 2/3)
inf mesenteric artery - 1/3 transverse, descending, sigmoid
Renal - 20% of cardiac output
Adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Infra and supra mesocolic space ?

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Does retroperitoneal have a mesentery?
Lesser omentum is surrounded by?
Greater omentum?

A

No
Surrouded by peritoneum
Formation of other cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Stomach ?

Pyloric sphincter function

A

1.5L, EPIGASTRIC REGION - hypogastric
Greater and lesser curvature - ligaments attached - stomach and liver (lesser omentum)
Angular incisor, cardiac notch, fundus, body, pyloric antrum and canal
Regulation mat from stomach to duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

crypts of lieberkaun?

A

Found in SI
Brunenrs gland found in duodenum (submucosa)
Ileum - peyers patched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

You need to learn about the stomach?

A

Posture, wispdth, position of other vicera, extent of filling effect, shape of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Stomach position?

A

Inferior to diaphram, under liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What forms the lesser omentum!

A

Hepatogastirc and hepatoduodenal ligament-
Bv reach liver
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Extra hepatic billiary duct inserted onto ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Quick fact about greater omentum?

A

Behind - adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Muscularis externa of stomach?

A

3 layers - oblique, circular, longitudinal.

Mechanical contraction - muscles contract
Mixing of digestive enzymes and proteolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Stomach mucosa epithelium?

A

Simple columnar, surface mucous cells.
Produce mucous -> protect stomach from acidic content
No absorption - except h2o, salts, lipids, drugs, alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Effect of drugs and alcohol on stomach?

A

Damage mucosa of stomach,
Prostaglandins released
Loss protective function of mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What level are the greater and lessor curvatures of the stomach located?

A

Level of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What angle antrum and body of stomach?
Pylorus and duodenum connected via?
What is at the surface of the internal wall of stomach? Where/when is this less prominent

A

90
Pyloric sphincter
Rugae, less prominent middle area + when stomach fills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vascularisation of stomach?

A

Celiac trunk - l-r gastric artery; l-r gastro-omental artery

Veins parallel to artery, drained into hepatic portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What supplies the fundus and body of stomach? Vascular

A

Upper gastric arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Gastric folds?

A

Longitudinal - distensibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are mammiliated areas in stomach?

A

Aeroles - delimited by permanent sulca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where are glands of stomach located? What type? Name? Secretion? Cells in glands? Purpose?

A

Lamina propria,
Tubular, single, branched
body, fundus, cardiac, pylorus,
Mucous secretion -> protection against high acid level of stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How to differentiate between stomach and colon?

A

Lamina propria - stomach glands

Colon - mucous secreting cells + intercalated between are enterocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Submucosa, muscularis, serosa of stomach?

A

Submucosa - little
Muscularis externa - internal :oblique, circ, longi
Serosa - peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Defensive forces in the stomach? (6)

A

Surface mucosa, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow, membrane transport, epithelium regenerative capacity, elaboration of prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Injury of stomach leads to?

A

Ischemia, shock, delayed gastric emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

3 types of stomach glands and where found?

A

Cardiac - simple compound tubular, mucous secreting - cardiac region, surround esophageal orifice

Pyloric - tubular branched coiled mucous + gastric secretion - pyloric antrum

Gastric/fundic - simple tubular branched at base - thruout stomach except above areas. Long lifespan of cells - Pariental cells 200days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Gastric mucosa - gastric glands. Cells, tubularvesicular system

A

Pariental(150-200days) - hcl and intrinsic factor (b12 vit absorption -> rbc production) -> tubulovesicular system -> proton pump, maintain acidic ph of stomach. Large no. Of mito.
Chief (60-90days) - pepsinogen (zymogen granules) + hcl -> pepsin
Neuroendocrine cells -gastrin
Surface/neck mucous cells

Pariental cells - larger - bud from lining epithelium, darker well stained compared to chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Stomach glands -> Fundic mucosa, -3 levels and what cells located within

A

Surface neck cells - mucous cloudy production - level of lining epithelium + gastric pit
Neck cells - soluble clear secretion

Gastric pit(surface mucous cells) - isthmus (stem cells located, pariental, mucous neck) - fundus (chief and enteroendocrine cells)

61
Q

Enteroendocrine cells (g cells)

A

Hcl
Gastric motility
Growth of epithelial cells
Open (chemoreceptors) and closed.

62
Q

Gastrin, ghrelin, cck, secretin, gip, motilin. Where synthesised, stim and inhibit what?

A

Gastrin - g cells stomach - gastric acid - nothing
Ghrelin-cells in stomach-gh secretion-lipid met+fat usage in adipose
Cck - i cells duo+jujenum- gallbladder contraction,same as secretin-gastric emptying
Secretin - s cells duodenum - pancreatic enzyme, bicarbonate, growth- inhibit gastric acid secretion
Gip - k cells duo + jujenum - insulin released - gastric acid secretion
Motilin - m cells duodenum + jujenum - gastric+intestinal motility - nothing

63
Q

Zollinger ellison syndrome?

A

Gastrinomas -> gastric + duodenal ulcers - damage of mucosa

64
Q

2 types of neuroendocrine cells?

A

Open - cytoplasmic prolongement exposed to lumen - chemoreceptors

Closed - not reach lumen

65
Q

Gastric serosa continuous with?

A

Parietal peritoneum of abdominal cavity via greater omentum

Visceral peritoneum of liver - lesser omentum

66
Q

Small intestine - mesenteric arteries

A

Jej and ileum

67
Q

Duodenum length and 2 extras

A

25cm - different structure and relationship to peritoneum

68
Q

Si Function of enterocytes ->

A

Enterokinase - trypsinogen -> trypsin

Trypsin : pancreatic zymogens (inactive proenzymes) ->active enzymes
Eg pro:elastase, carboxypeptidase, phospholipase -> without pro.
Chymotrypsinogen -> trypsinogen

69
Q

SI (4)

A

Continues digestive process started in stomach
Absorbs food and water
Food exiting stomach : chyme -> chymus
Chymus exposed to pancreatic and biliary secretion -> chyle

70
Q

Pancrease and duodenum.

Wall of intestine?

A

Exocrine pancreas secrete into duodenum

Wall of intestine - lacteal + bv

71
Q

SI Macroscopic and microscopic devices

A

Plicae, villi, crypts and glands, microvilli

72
Q

Si where are plicae most numerous?

And plicae points

A

Distal - duo
Beginning of jej
Perm tranverse folds - cont core of submucosa

73
Q

Biochemical devices of si digestion

A

Luminal - pancreatic enzymes and bile

Membrane - enzymes of microvilli (glycocalyx)

74
Q

Mechanical devices of si?

A

Contraction and relax of intestinal wall (muscularis externa - cl)

75
Q

Duodenum?

A

25cm, first, shirtest and widest part.
Bulbis duodenalis, descending, horizontal, ascending portion
C shaped.
Retroperitoneal except bulbos duodenalis

76
Q

Sup mesenteric artery and veins drain into?

A

Portal vein

77
Q

SI Explain bile, pancreatic enzymes, major-minor papillary duct?

A

Bile - emulsify lipids
Pancreatic enzymes - proteases, amylases, lipases, nucleases
Minor pap - accessory pancreatic duct

Major pap - main pancreatic duct + coleducus -> sphincter of oddi.

78
Q

What stimulates opening/closing of the sphincter of oddi?

A

CCK

79
Q

Si mesenterial part

A

Jej(2.5m) ileum(3.5m) - surrounded by peritoneum.

80
Q

Root of mesentary

A

Length 15cm
Aterial arcade - longer in jej, shorter in ileum
Vasa recta - jej few large loops, ileum greater no. Of loops
Nerves
And bv from sup mesenteric artery

81
Q

Structure of SI summary

A

Mucosa - simple cuboidal epi, villi, tubular glands/crypts, muscularis mucosa(2layers), lamina propria (galt)
Submucosa - duo(brunner glands) - acidic secretion - compound tubular
Muscularis externa - CL
Serosa

82
Q

si villi cross-section

A

Lamina propria - lacteal, vascular, immune cells
Sm cells extending from muscularis mucosa into core of villus
Loost ct, cappillaries, lymphatic vessels (lipid absorption)

83
Q

Si - crypts of lieberkaun

A

Paneth cells - defensins + lysozymes. Basally located

84
Q

5 cells types found in intestinal mucosal epithelium

A 
Enterocytes - primary function - absorption
Goblet cells - mucous secretion 
Paneth cells - defensins and lysozomes
Enteroendocrine cells - paracrine and endocrine hormones
M cells (microfold cells) - modified enterocytes cover lymph nodules in lamina propria
85
Q

Si- Enterocytes ?

A

Simple columnar - line mucosa
glycocalyx - important enzymes - digestion
Digestion of sugars(di+oligo-saccharides-> mono), proteins (peptidases + brush border)

86
Q

What is the first enzyme involved in digestion

.

A

Pepsin

87
Q

Si - bile

A

Convert lipids - smaller molecules -> into lacteal vessels

88
Q

Si - stem cells for renewal -

A

3/5 days - enterocytes+ mucous cells

4 weeks - paneth+enteroendocrine cells

89
Q

Ileum (4)

A

Peyers patches - galt (higher no. In ileum) - mucosa lamina propria / sometimes submucosa
Dome b cells
Germinal centre (b and t cells, apc)
Follicle associated epithelium (m cells(dendritic cells) - take up antigen)

However galt/lymphoid tissue found thruout digestive system

90
Q

Lamina propria of villus of illeum

A

Plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells
Sm, bv,lv

What does sm do? Connects villus to muscularis mucosae

91
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disese

A

Crypts knvaded by inflammatory cells - chronic granulomas -> destroy musuclaris mucosae -> fibrosis - replaced by CT (collagen)

92
Q

Distinguish duodenum, jej, ileum

A

Duo - submucosa - brunner glands. Leaf life villi.

Ileum - peyers patches

D->I increase in goblet cells

93
Q

2 types of motility?

A

Segmentation - non-coordinate sm contraction

Peristalsis - co-ordinated

94
Q

Brunenr glands?

A

Mixed tubular submucosal, duodenum,
Zymogen + mucus secreting.

Alkaline -> protect proximal si from stomach acid

95
Q

Si, epithelial cell renewal?

A

Stem cells from base of intestinal gland

96
Q

LI length, portions and relaitons to peritoneum, function, structures

A 
1.5-1.8m. 
Cecum + vermiform appendix
1 Ascending 15cm
2 Transverse 50cm
3 Descending 25cm
4 Sigmoid
Rectum
Anal canal
1-3 not covered by peritoneum
2-4 connect to post wall of abdominal wall by mesenteries -> visceral peritoneum - form double layer
97
Q

Three distinct features of LI?

A

Teniae coli - 3 narrow bands outer longitudinal layer of externa. Absent in rectum, anal canal, vermiform appendix
Haustra coli - sacculatiojs between external surface of cecum and colon
Omental appendices - fatty projections of serosa on outer surface

98
Q

Function of LI

A

Reabsorption of electrolytes and water,

Elimination of undigested food and waste - propulsion - rectum

99
Q

Columnar to goblet cell ratio in LI.

TOWARDS RECTum the ratio is?

A

4: 1
1: 1 goblet cell increases

100
Q

LI epithelial cell turnover

A

Similar to SI

101
Q

Vascularisation of LI

A

Sup, inf mesenteric arteries
Splenic and sup mesenteric vein -> form hepatic portal vein - drain mesentery of sigmoid colon (intra peritoneal) - connected to post wall of abdomen .

102
Q

Inner wall of LI (3)

A

Sulci - semilunar plicae
Due to tonic contraction of ext longitudinal layer
No plicae or villi

103
Q

Structure of LI

A

Mucosa - no villi, plicae. Smooth surface, crypts of lieberkaun(straight tubular) extend thruout. Simple columnar.
Lamina propria - collagen table(collagen and proteoglycans between basal lamina and epithelial cells), pericryptal fibroblast sheath(may differentiate into macrophage), galt, lymphatic vessels(muscularis mucosae)

Submucosa - similar to rest of gi tract
Muscularis - CL
Serosa - peritoneum

Goblet cells more numerous in LI than SI

104
Q

How to distinguish stomach and colon?

A

Lining epithelium - stomach only mucous secreting cells form mucous membrane. Whereas LI other cells present

105
Q

Hirshsprings disease

A

Congential megacolon - dilation - consitpation

Neural crest cell migration failure - abnormal innervation of bowel

106
Q

Aooendix contain?

A

Lymphatic follicles in mucosa. Extend into submucosa.
Thick circular layer. Thin outer longi layer.
Serosa continuous with mesentery of appendix

107
Q

Rectum length and extra point!

Anal canal length and 4

A

15cm - lacks haustra

Anal canal - tenai dilated in ampulla of anal canal - communicates with anus by sphincter system - 3 zones,

108
Q

Anal canal 3 zones and what glands

A

Colorectal - simple columnar
Anal transitional - ss epi. Also stratified columnar between transition of colorectal to ATZ
Squamous - ss epi

Anal glands - extend into submucosa + muscularis externa. Branches tubular straight mucous. Ducts lined with stratified columnar epi.

109
Q

Also skin surrounding anl orifice!

A

Large apocrine glands - circumanal glands.
Maybe sexual attractant.
Hair follicles and sebacous glands found at this site

110
Q

Internal and external sphincter?

A

Int - sm - involuntary

Ext - skeletal - voluntary contraction

111
Q

Anal folds, valves and sinuses

A

8-10 longitudinal folds
Valves - small horizontal plicae at base of folds
Anal sinuses - behind valves - where glands open

Pectinate line - determined by valves

112
Q

Deep to anal columns there are?

Protrusions int and ext

A

Av anastomoses. If vascular plexa protrude - int/ext -> int/ext hemmoroids - bleeding

113
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Extra mural glands
Parotid - tubuloacinar - duct of steno - into upper cavity of molar teeth
Sublingual - mixed tubuloacinar
Submandibular - mixed tubuloacinar

114
Q

Liver exocrine and endocrine function?

A

Exo - Bile secretion - emulsify fatty acid -> droplets -> absorbed in SI

Endo - synthesis of proteins - albumins, globulins etc

115
Q

Liver 6 main functions

A

Fat met - ox of troglycerides. Synthesis of plasma lipoproteins. Synthesis of cholesterol
Carb met - convert carbs and proteins into fatty acids + triglycerides. Regulation of blood glucose conc (glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis)
Protein met - syn plasma proteins, non essential aa, detox of waste products (deamination of urine)
Glycogen storage
Detox of drugs and toxins - eg alcohol
Secretion of bile

116
Q

Liver protein met -> plasma proteins examples

A

albumins, globulins, clotting factors

117
Q

Liver where is visceral peritoneum not present?

A

Bare area where liver adhere/connects to other organs

118
Q

Lesser omentum and liver?

A

Connects stomach, duodenum and liver

119
Q

Post margin of liver?

A

Veins draining into vena cava

120
Q

Liver: shape, weight, lobes, ligaments

A

Kidney shaped. 1.5kg. 4 lobes - left right caudate quadrate.

Falciform, coronary, triangular, round ligament

121
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Connects diaphragmatic face of liver to diaphram -> only see ligaments and 2 lobes

122
Q

Ligament venosu , round ligament

A

Residue of embryonic blood vessels,

123
Q

Emrbyonic development of liver?

A

Endodermal evagination wall of foregut
Hepatic diverticulum - proliferates - hepatocytes (cords)
Original stalk of diverticulum -> common bile duct.
Outgrowth from common bile duct - gallbladder and cystic duct

124
Q

H zone of liver

A

2 longitudinal and 1 transverse sulci - specific structures

2 extra lobes seen - only seen inferiorly.

125
Q

Post face of liver

A

Hepatic veins -> inf vena cava
Triangular ligament -> obtained by fusion of 2 peritoneum layers (bare area of liver)
Corinary ligament surround bare area

126
Q

How many segments in liver?

A

8 based on distribution of bile ducts and hepatic vessels

127
Q

Liver vascularisation

A

Proper hepatic

Inf mesenteric vein -> splenic vein + sup mesenteric -> hepatic portal vein

128
Q

Liver structure

A

Glisson capsule - parenchymal organ. Sinusoids, hepatic lobules. Central vein

Portal triad : at corner of hexagonal lobules. (Bile duct, art, portal vein.)

129
Q

Portal triad

A

Art, vein, bile duct. Canal of herring,
Cholangiocytes (undifferentiated) - epithelial cells, line biliary tree. Primary cilium - detect luminal flow. Initially cuboidal. Increase in duct diameter -> columnar

Bile flow in opposite direction to blood flow (to central vein)

130
Q

Classic lobule venous

A

Central vein (terminal hepatic venule) -> sublobular vein-> hepatic portal vein -> inf vena cav

131
Q

Liver - portal triad - small ducts

A

Fuse form large duct - common hepatic duct - ultimately empty major papillae in duodenum

132
Q

Liver - cappilaries

A

Mixed blood from liver and blood from digestive system

133
Q

Liver - Different faces of classic lobule

A

Biliary face - adjacent to neighbouring hepatocyte - small depression on pm - canaliculi - bile produced - released

Vascular face - faces wall of capillary - sinusoid.

134
Q

Liver - space between sinusoid and hepatocyte

A

Space of disse (0.2-0.5um)
Cells of ito (hepatic stellate cells/fat storing)
Store vit A.
Pathological condition - aSMA expressed - fibroblast prolongement - release collagen- fibrosis - myofibroblast - express specific marker

Wall of sinusoid - kupffer cell

135
Q

Liver regen

Aged liver

A

Cells quintescent. Remove liver portion, cells activated - mitosis proliferation

Aged liver - regen - able to be donor

136
Q

Stroma of liver contain?

A

Reticular fibres - t3 collagen

137
Q

Portal lobules

A

Triangular
Biliary ductule
Corners of triangle with central vein.
Central part of triangle - portal triad

138
Q

Liver acinus

3 zones

A

Rappaporta - diamond shape. 2 opposite corner = central vein. Other 2 = portal triad
Zone :
1 most oxygenated - sensitive to bile duct occlusion
2 mediate oxy
3 least oxy - sensitive to necrosis and oxygen deprivation
Increase in o2 increase in met activity
Damage to liver - zone 3 most vulnerable and involved

139
Q

Mod of kidney

A

Accumulation of collagen.

Renal fibrosis

140
Q

Which stain for collagen?

A

Sirus red

141
Q

Biliary tree intra and extra hepatic bile duct

A

Monitored flow of bile and content regulation by cholangiocytes
Canal of herring lined by hepatocytes and cholangiocytes (liver progenitor cells).

142
Q

Difference between space of mall and canal of herring?

A

Not location.
Whether lined entirely by cholangiocytes or partially
Space of mall duct lined entirely by above

143
Q

Intra/exta-hepatic bile duct

A

Intra - ductules to interlobular bile duct to L/R hepatic duct - common hepatic duct

Extra - bile to gallbladder and duodenum.

Ducts contain - tall columnar epithelium, layers similar to alimentary canal except no Musuclaris mucosa

144
Q

Gallbladder structure and basic info

A

10cm. 40-60ml. Cystic duct. Concentration of bile. Mucosa with folds.
Attached to visceral surface of liver. Remove 90% of water from bile.
Simple columnar epithelium.

145
Q

Gallbladder mucosa characteristic features 4

A

Numerous short apical microvilli
Junctional complexes between adjacent cells
Apical and basal cytoplasm - conc mito
Complex lateral plications

Mucous secreting glands present lamina propria near neck of organ.

146
Q

Wall of gallbladder?

What are the deep invaginations of mucosa extending into epm.externa?

A

No submucosa and muscularis mucosa

Rokitansky-ashoff sinuses

147
Q

Pancreas quick points!

A

L1 and l2 level
Retroperitoneal
2 ducts - main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct

148
Q

What are sphinctors on ducts made of?

A

Smooth muscle

149
Q

Function of exocrine pancreas?

A

Tubuloacinar compound serous

Function - synthesis+ secretion if lytic enzymes (zymogens) activated by trypsin

Histology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions