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2 PID Unit > 24-Zoonosis > Flashcards

24-Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

Regarding bioterrorism select agent classification, there are 3 categories (A,B and C). Which is most dangerous and which is least dangerous?

A

A is most dangerous (easily disseminated) while C is least dangerous (requires engineering to become easily disseminated)

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2
Q

Yersinia pestis, Fransicella and Brucella are all select bioterrorism agents. What categories do they belong to?

A

Yersinia and Fransicella are in A while Brucella is in B.

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3
Q

There are 4 biohazard safety levels based on the disease causing ability and difficulty to treat various diseases (agents). What level do Yersinia pestis, Brucella and F. Tularensis belong to?

A

All are level 3 (Potentially lethal if inhaled, vaccine or treatment available)

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4
Q

What are the 3 Yersinia pathogens?

A

Pestis, enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis

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5
Q

What yersinia subtype is characterized by bipolar staining and is a facultative intracellular parasite?

A

Pestis

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6
Q

What yersinia subtype is associated with bubo formation, and bacteria in the blood stream?

A

Pestis

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7
Q

Why is the bubonic plague called black death?

A

It causes vascular thrombi (petechia) in skin

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8
Q

What is the cause of death with bubonic plague?

A

Sepsis leading to hypotension and death

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9
Q

What is the vector for yersinia pestis? This vector is also the cause of epidemics

A

Fleas

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10
Q

What disease arises when bubonic plague remains untreated and spreads to the lungs?

A

Pneumonic plague

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11
Q

True or false: Both bubonic and pneumonic plague are spread person to person?

A

False, only pneumonic is

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12
Q

Regarding the urban vs. sylvatic plague, what are their respective reservoirs?

A

Urban plague - rats, while sylvative plague - prairie dogs (also domestic cat)

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13
Q

True or false, urban and sylvatic plague are what lead to pneumonic plague?

A

False, they both cause human infection and cause bubonic plague

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14
Q

What is the most common type of plague seen in the US? Where in the US?

A

Sylvatic plague, mainly in the western US

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15
Q

What is the vector for the sylvatic plague?

A

Fleas assoc. with wild rodents

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16
Q

What are the 4 corner states associated with plague?

A

New Mexico, Utah, Arizona and Colorado

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17
Q

What type of bubonic plague is likely to result in isolated cases? What about epidemic?

A

Sylvatic is likely to be isolated, urban likely to be epidemic

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18
Q

When was the last recorded case of bubonic plague in the US? Where?

A

November 2002 in NYC

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19
Q

What are the 3 major virulence factors unique to Yersinia pestis?

A

Yops, F1 antigen and Type 3 protein secretion system

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20
Q

What is the function of Yops?

A

Allows entry and survival inside macrophages (prevents engulfment)

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21
Q

How are Yops delivered into the host cell?

A

Type 3 protein secretion system (like a hypodermic needle)

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22
Q

What is the function of the Yersinia F1 antigen?

A

Antphagocytic to neutrophils

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23
Q

True or false, Yersinia grows slowly in the blood and has pigmentation for iron acquisition.

A

False, It grows fast AND has pigmentation for iron acquisition

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24
Q

What is the cause of Yersinia associated DIC and surface purpuric lesions?

A

Endotoxin

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25
Q

What are the 2 components of Yersinia virulence factor regulation?

A

Calcium and temperature

26
Q

True or false, Yersinia’s virulence factors are on plasmids?

A

True. Check our slide 26 in the notes for details on all 6

27
Q

What plasmids is associated with Yops, F1 antigen and Type 3 protein secretion system ?

A

pYV

28
Q

How is Yersinia Pestis diagnosed? Where would you get a sample from?

A

DIrect fluorescent antibody, stain a sample from a bubo aspirate

29
Q

How would you treat yersinia pestis? What are 2 components of this treatment?

A

Antibiotics (Streptomycin and tetracycline)

30
Q

True or false: It is better to wait for development of symptoms before treating potentially infected patients.

A

False, prophylaxis Is important

31
Q

What are 3 ways of preventing yersinia disease?

A

Kill vector, kill reservoir, vaccines (killed and live- attenuated)

32
Q

Why doesn’t the live attenuated yersinia pestis vaccine cause disease?

A

It is pigmentation negative (no siderophores)

33
Q

What bacteria is likely to cause disease after eating refridgerated food?

A

Yersenia enterocolitica

34
Q

True or false, Yersiniosis is associated with fever, headache, abdominal pain and can cause chronic inflammatory disease (ulcers)

A

True

35
Q

What are the causes of inflammation in Yersiniosis?

A

Endotoxin and other toxic factors

36
Q

True or false, yersinia enterocolitica is found in domesticated animals, meats and milk, animal wastes, unchlorinated water.

A

True

37
Q

What is the special plate needed to grow (and diagnose) yersinia enterocolitica? What is the colony characteristic?

A

CIN plate. Colonies have deep red center with clear colorless zone surrounding it

38
Q

Acute gastroenteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis, often accompanied by fever and abdominal pain is associated with what type of Yersinia?

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

39
Q

True or false, Francisella tularensis is a facultative aerobe that is difficult to culture, lives inside macrophages and has an antiphagocytic capsule.

A

False. It is a strict aerobe. The rest of the description is true

40
Q

What are the 2 diseases caused by F. tularensis?

A

1) Ulceroglandular tularemia,
2) occuloglandular tularemia,
3) glandular adenopathy without lesions and
4) typhoidal (systemic multi organ)

41
Q

What is the most deadly of the diseases caused by f. tularensis? How is it mainly caused in the US?

A

Pneumonic - caused by running over infected rodents with lawn mower

42
Q

What is The mechanism by which f. tularensis escapes phagocytosis?

A

Manipulates endosome pH, prevents its maturation and fusion with the lysosome. Endosome gradually disrupted over time and bacteria escapes

43
Q

What is the reservoir of F. tularensis? What is the mode of transmission?

A

Reservoir is wild rodent, transmission by insect bite or direct contact with wild rodent

44
Q

How is F. tularensis treated? Prevented?

A

Treated with streptomycin, prevented using live attenuated vaccine

45
Q

True or false, Pasteurella multocida is an aerobic, oxidase positove, gram negative coccobacillus.

A

True

46
Q

How is pasteurella disease caused?

A

Animal bites or scratches

47
Q

What are the disease manifestation of pasteurella mutocida?

A

1) cellulitis lymphadenitis, 2) respiratory disease progressing to septicemia and 3) systemic infection

48
Q

What population are particularly suceptible to respiratory disease progressing to septicemia and systemic infection from pasteurella?

A

Immunocompromised individuals

49
Q

true or false, pasteurella can cause tendonitis and osteomyelitis?

A

True

50
Q

True or false, pasteurella is part of the normal oral flora of animals (e.g. cats and dogs)

A

True

51
Q

What are the 2 virulence factors of pasteurella?

A

antphagocytic capsule and LPS

52
Q

How is pasteurella diagnosed? What specific type of agar does it grow on?

A

Need to grow organism of blood agar (doesn’t grow on McConkey)

53
Q

How is pasteurella treated?

A

PenicillinG, ampicillin

54
Q

True or false, Brucella is catalase and SOD positive and gram negative coccobacillus?

A

True

55
Q

Where are abortus, melitensis, suis and canis varieties of brucella found?

A

abortus (cattle), melitensis (goats and sheep), suis (swine) and canis (dog)

56
Q

What types of workers are at particularly high risk for brucella infection? How do they acquire the bacteria? (3)

A

Meat packers, vets and animal farmers. Acquire bacteria from direct contact, ingestion and respiratory)

57
Q

True or false, Brucella causes a short lived disease characterized with short lived fever?

A

False. Brucella is chronic disease, characterized with long term undulant fever

58
Q

True or false, brucella is part of the normal flora of animals

A

True

59
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of brucella?

A

a. Endotoxin and b. Bacteria inhibit lysosomal fusion and c. SOD and catalase may aid inintracellular survival

60
Q

Who gets vaccinated for brucella?

A

Animals (not people)

61
Q

What is the current reservoir for brucella abortus?

A

American bison

2 PID Unit (13 decks)

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