25 - Digestive infections

Question 1

What causes staphylococcal food poisoning?

Answer 1

S. aureus - enterotoxin

Question 2

How is S. aureus transmitted for food poisoning?

Answer 2

in nose -> hands; enters food and can grow/produce toxin in food … can be stopped by refrigeration

Question 3

What are the symptoms of staph food poisoning?

Answer 3

• short incubation time
• vomiting, cramps, diarrhea

Question 4

What are the treatments for staph food poisoning?

Answer 4

rehydration

Question 5

What causes shigellosis?

Answer 5

Shigella (bacteria)

Question 6

What are the 4 types of bacteria that caue shigellosis

Answer 6

1. Shigella sonnei (most common US - mild dysentery)
2. S. dysenteriae (lest common US - sever dysentery)
3. S. flexneri
4. S. boydii

Question 7

Shigellosis symptoms

Answer 7

• survive stomach -> proliferate small intestine -> disease in large intestine
• diarrhea
• fever
• cramps

Question 8

Shigellosis treatment

Answer 8

antibiotics and rehydration

Question 9

Salmonellosis organism, symptoms, treatment, transmission

Answer 9

• Salmonella enterica (bacteria)
• fever, nausea, cramps, diarrhea
• rehydration therapy
• undercooked chicken/eggs

Question 10

Typhoid fever cause, symptoms, treatment, transmission:

Answer 10

Salmonella typhi (bacteria)
- transmission: spread through human feces
- symptoms: high fever, headache, diarrhea
- treatment: antibiotics

Question 11

Cholera cause, symptoms, treatment, transmission:

Answer 11

Vibrio cholerae (bacteria)
- symptoms: watery stools with mucus and cells, violent vomiting
- treatment: antibiotics; replacement of fluids and electrolytes
- transmission: found in water (sanitation issues)

Question 12

What causes cholera to be infectious?

Answer 12

cholera extoxin - host cells secret water and electrolytes

Question 13

What kind of toxin do some E. coli produce?

Answer 13

Shiga toxin

Question 14

What is the transmission for E. coli?

Answer 14

cattle reservoir; contaminated food or water; leafy vegetables from water runoff

Question 15

What are some symptoms for E. coli?

Answer 15

diarrhea, inflammation of colon (colitis), bleeding

Question 16

Treatment for E. Coli

Answer 16

rehydration

Question 17

What causes Helicobacter?

Answer 17

Helicobacter pylori (bacteria)

Question 18

How does H. pylori affect the body?

Answer 18

the gastric juice and enzymes with HCl produced by the stomach adds a protective layer when this layer is disrupted ulcers develop - H. pylori can grow in this acidic environment and produce urea which increases pH and neutralizes HCl

Question 19

What is the treatment for H. pylori?

Answer 19

antibiotics and pepto-bismol eliminate bacteria

Question 20

C. Diff

Answer 20

Clostrdium difficile (bacteria)

Question 21

What is the biggest problem that leads to C diff

Answer 21

extended antibiotic use which leads to elimination of competing bacteria and rapid growth of C. difficile

Question 22

What is the treatment for C. difficile?

Answer 22

discontinuation of antibiotic and rehydration

Question 23

Mumps symptoms, transmission, treatment

Answer 23

Paramyxoviridae (virus)
- symptoms: swelling of parotid glands, fever, painful swallowing
- transmission: saliva and respiratory secretions via respiratory tract entry
- treatment: MMR vaccine

Question 24

Rotavirus

Answer 24

• less common in adults
• fever, diarrhea, vomiting
• rehydration
• vaccine

Question 25

Norovirus

Answer 25

• fecal-oral transmission from food/water, aerosols from vomiting
• persistent on surfaces
• vomiting, diarrhea
• rehydration

Question 26

Giardia organism

Answer 26

Giardia lamblia (flagellated protozoan)

Question 27

What are the symptoms of Giardia?

Answer 27

malaise, nausea, flatulence, weakness, weight loss, cramps (interferes with food absorption in intestinal wall)

Question 28

Transmission of giardia

Answer 28

shed in feces of healthy carriers and wild animals - lots of outbreaks camping/swimming season from contaminated water

Question 29

Treatment for giardia

Answer 29

anti-protozoan (metronidazole)

Question 30

Hepatitis

Answer 30

inflammation of the liver (from viral hep or drug toxicity

Question 31

What are the 3 types of Hep and the organisms that cause them?

Answer 31

1. Type A: Picornaviridae
2. Type B: Hepadnviridae
3. Type C: Flaviviridae

Viruses cause all 3

Question 32

Hepatitis A

Answer 32

• transmission: oral -> intestines -> liver/kidneys/spleen
• loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever chills
• vaccine; post-exposure immune globulins

Question 33

Hepatitis B

Answer 33

• blood, saliva, breast milk, semen (blood infusion, IV, sex, drugs)
• fever, nausea, ab pain, fatigue, malaise, liver damage
• 10% chronic carriers

Question 34

What are the high prevalence and low prevalence countries for Hepatitis B?

Answer 34

High prevalence = asia (birth - no acute, lifelong infection)

Low prevalence = western (blood/fluids often from risky behavior)

Question 35

What is the treatment for Hepatitis B?

Answer 35

• none for acute
• chronic 7 drugs diminish viral DNA/antivirals

Question 36

Hepatitis C

Answer 36

• transmitted through blood
• majority go to chronic
• treatment: drug combination

Question 37

What are the other Hepatitis viruses other than A-C?

Answer 37

Hep D: often co-infection with HBV
Hep E; resembles HAV