1
Q
Polymorphism
A
Two or more phenotypes present in the same species/ occurrence of more than one form.
2
Q
Levels of polymorph differences
A
- Phenotype
- Genotype
3
Q
Phenotype differences
A
- Morphological
- Serological
- Biochemical
4
Q
Genotype differences
A
- Detectable:
- DNA
- Mitochondrial DNA
5
Q
Blood groups
A
- RBC antigens on the cell surface
- Glycoproteins differ depending on sequence of sugar
6
Q
RBC antigens arise from…
A
Alleles from a single locus belonging to the same blood group
7
Q
Igs against most RBC groups are produced only after…
A
Challenge of an appropriate protein
Exception: Cattle + cat:
- First blood transfusion may go well
- Second transfusion may lead to problems
8
Q
Neonatal erythrolysis
A
- Feto-maternal haemorrhage of placenta leaks RBC from the fetus into mother’s blood
- The mother produces Ig against fetus RBC
- Found in colostrums when foal starts suckling and dies within a few days
9
Q
Number of blood groups for:
- Pig
- Cattle
- Dog
- Horse
- Cat
A
- Pig: 15
- Cattle: 13
- Dog: 12
- Horse: 8
- Cat: 1
10
Q
Codominant inheritance
A
Expression of both alleles
11
Q
Use of animal blood groups
A
- ID of animals
- Parentage control
- Research
12
Q
Polymorph systems: Proteins
A
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
- Absence/presence of a restriction enzyme
- Fragments cut by restriction enzymes differ in size
- Electrophoretic pattern differs
- Electrophoresis applied to blood proteins
13
Q
Function of restriction enzymes
A
- Cleave DNA at individual site
- Amino acids
- Proteins
14
Q
Application of electrophoresis applied to blood proteins
A
- Separation of DNA according to size
- Used for parentage testing
15
Q
MHC
A
- Used for immune system/compatibility between tissues
- 3 classes: 1, 2 and 3
- Responsible for antigen-presentation and immune reaction
- Self/nonself
16
Q
MHC-1
A
- B2 microglobulins
- Several genes
- Each gene codes for a polypeptide
- The polypeptides combine
17
Q
MHC-2
A
- B-lymphocytes
- Macrophage histoglobulins
18
Q
MHC-3
A
Compliments
19
Q
Microsatellites
A
- Noncoding repeating units of 2-7 base pairs in genome
- Inactive
- Homo-/heterozygotes
- Repeated many times known for mutations → Diversity
- Mutation can lead to misreading/mismatch
20
Q
Microsatelites: homozygotes
A
Alleles are the same length
21
Q
Microsatelites: heterozygotes
A
- Alleles differ in length
- Can be resolved from one another
22
Q
SNP
A
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (C&G; A&T)
- DNA sequence variation
- Missense/nonsense reading can happen
- Found by PCR
23
Q
Describe the variation of SNPs
A
- Single nucleotide difference between members of a species
- Most SNPs have 2 alleles: C & T
- Variation in DNA sequence can affect diseases
Genetics
flashcards
Decks in class (60)
# Cards
-
1) Domestication of mammals26
-
2) Domestication of poultry (birds)5
-
3) Consequences in genotype due to domestication8
-
4) Consequences in phenotype due to domestication12
-
5) Organsiation of domestic animal breeding12
-
6) Numbering and marking methods in domestic breeding11
-
7) Individual animal tracking + Control of ID from farm to fork7
-
8) Principles and laws of mendelian genetics25
-
9) Exceptions in Mendelian genetics: Allelic polymorphism, pleiotropy, epistasis, superdominance5
-
10) Exceptions to Mendelian genetics: Linkage, crossing over, uniparental inheritance5
-
11) Important genes related to conformation in breeding20
-
12) Most important genes related to prolificacy in breeding8
-
13) Major genes related to genetic defects in breeding9
-
14) Sex determination in mammals and birds5
-
15) Sex-linked traits and inheritance7
-
16) Sex-limited (determined) traits and inheritance3
-
17) Sex-influenced traits and inheritance3
-
18) Chicken sexing6
-
19) Autosex character of poultry species6
-
20) Genetic nature and molecular causes of genetic diseases and defects22
-
21) Diagnosis of congenital diseases and defects9
-
22) Gene diagnosis of inherited diseases and defects15
-
23) Prevention of genetic diseases and defects7
-
24) Lethality, lethal gene mutations in breeding11
-
25) Polymorph systems and their use in breeding23
-
26) Qualitative population genetics in breeding: features of monogenic traits4
-
27) Qualitative population genetics in breeding: Hardy-Weinberg law15
-
28) Quantitative population genetics in breeding: features of polygenic traits, QTL17
-
29) Quantitative population genetics in breeding17
-
30) Technology in animal production9
-
31) Quantitative population genetics in breeding: environmental effects6
-
32) Quantitative population genetics in breeding: gene-environment interaction4
-
33)Oligogenic inheritance: pathological traits, threshold taits, genetic predisposition9
-
34) Breeding value: definitions, methods of estimation (BLUP, AM, gBV)20
-
35) Breeding value: primary traits, secondary traits, aggregated breeding value4
-
36) Theory of selection: selection parameters9
-
37) Practice of selection: forms of selection, selection index, correlation7
-
38) Breeding methods and mating systems, interspecies hybrids9
-
39) Inbreeding and Wright’s inbreeding coefficient13
-
40) Outcrossing and effective population size, heterosis14
-
41) Crossing: continuous hybridization, recombination losses4
-
42) Crossing: discontinuous hybridization3
-
43) Reasons for breed endangerments, grades and status, breed definition6
-
44) Arguments for maintenance of genetic diversity, and of rare breeds3
-
45) Preservation methods of genetic resources in breeding: in vivo (in situ, ex situ)3
-
46) Preservation methods of genetic resources in breeding: in vitro7
-
47) Biotechnology in animal production: AI (artificial insemination)9
-
48) Biotechnology in animal production: semen deep freezing, sperm-sexing12
-
49) Biotechnology in animal production: embryo manipulations (OPU, IVM, IVF, IVC)8
-
50) Biotechnology in animal production: embryo transfer (ET, MOET)6
-
51) Biotechnology in animal production: transgenesis (GMO)7
-
52) Biotechnology in animal production: cloning6
-
53) Importance and methods of parentage control12
-
54) Definition and importance of types in animal production5
-
55) Importance of evaluation of conformation (judging), linear scoring system, body measurements9
-
56) Coat color inheritance in domestic animals: pigment synthesis, pigment types, albinism9
-
57) Basic colors, most common gene functions of the coat color6
-
58) Gene diagnosis in animal breeding and vet.med: meat and fat production genes6
-
59) Gene diagnosis in animal breeding and vet.med: milk production genes3
-
60) Meat and milk production of domestic animals, production traits18
