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Nsci > 26-Motor7-BasalGanglia > Flashcards

26-Motor7-BasalGanglia Flashcards

1
Q

Main components of basal ganglia (x4)

A
  • neostriatum (caudate and putamen)
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
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2
Q

The ___ receives major inputs to basal ganglia

A

neostriatum

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3
Q

caudate and putamen grouped together because

A

they are cytoarchitecturally similar nuclei

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4
Q

neostriatum:
primary output neurons

A

spiny neurons

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5
Q

neostriatum:
two subtypes of spiny neurons

A
  • GABA/substance P (SP)
  • Gaba/enkaphilin (ENK)
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6
Q

SP

A

substance P

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7
Q

ENK

A

enkephalin

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8
Q

neostriatum:
secondary neurons

A

aspiny neurons and interneurons

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9
Q

corticostriate pathway originates from ___

A

many cortical areas, especially premotor and primary motor cortex

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10
Q

corticostriate pathway terminates on ___ neurons in ___

A

spiny (both subtypes), neostriatum

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11
Q

corticostriate neurons are [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

excitatory (glutamate)

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12
Q

corticostriate information reflects [specific/nonspecific] cortical activity

A

specific

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13
Q

thalamostriate originates from ___ thalamic nuclei

A

midline

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14
Q

thalamostriate neurons are [excitate/inhibitory]

A

excitatory (glutamate)

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15
Q

thalamostriate information reflects [specific/nonspecific] activity

A

nonspecific, from reticular formation (arousal and attention)

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16
Q

striatum outputs to ___ and ___

A

GPi and GPe

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17
Q

direct pathway involves GABA/___ neurons to ___

A

SP, GP_i

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18
Q

indirect pathway involves GABA/___ neurons to ___

A

ENK, GP_e

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19
Q

globus pallidus (internal) is major [input/processing/output] system

A

output

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20
Q

GP_i projects to ___

A

VA/VL of thalamus

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21
Q

GP_i is mainly [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

inhibitory (GABA)

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22
Q

GP_e projects to ___

A

subthalamic nuclei (STh)

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23
Q

STh

A

subthalamic nuclei

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24
Q

GP_e in mainly [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

inhibitory (GABA)

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25
Q
A

true

26
Q

Two parts of substantia nigra

A
  • pars compacta
  • pars reticulata
27
Q

striatonigral projection originates from ___

A

spiny neurons (primarily GABA/SP)

28
Q

striatonigral projection is primarily [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

inhibitory

29
Q

SNr is to ___ mvt as GP_i is to ___ mvt

A

eye, limb

30
Q

SNr projects to (x2)

A
  • VA/VL of thalamus
  • brainstem
31
Q

SNc projects to (x1)

A

striatum, spiny neurons

32
Q

SNc uses ___ as neurotransmitter

A

dopamine

33
Q

SNc ___ GABA/ENK neurons and ___ GABA/SP neurons ([excites/inhibits])

A

inhibits, excites

34
Q

Input to STh originates in ___

A

lateral segment of globus pallidus (GP_e)

35
Q

Input to STh from GP_e is primarily [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

inhibitory (GABA), but some excitatory

36
Q

Hyperdirect pathway is from ___ to ___ and is [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

cerebral cortex to STh, excitatory

37
Q

Output from STh projects to ___ and is primarily [excitatory/inhibitory]

A

GP_i, excitatory (glutamate)

38
Q

Main function of STh

A

modulates major output projections of basal ganglia (affects last stage of processing)

39
Q

Rate model:
[True/false]: the rate model is a comprehensive explanation of basal ganglia function

A

false, it is the dominant view but has many flaws. Servers only as an initial framework

40
Q

Rate model:
Role of the GP_i in rate model is to

A

tonically inhibit thalamus and motor activity

41
Q

Rate model:
Motor activity requires [incr./decr.] in GP_i activity

A

decr

42
Q

Rate model:
Direct pathway [facilitates/suppresses] movement

A

facilitates

43
Q

Rate model:
Indirect pathway [facilitates/suppresses] movement

A

suppresses

44
Q

Rate model:
net effect on striatum of increase in dopamine

A

decreased GP_i inhibitory output, therefore increased motor activity
- dopamine inhibits GABA/ENK spiny neurons, so increase GP_e output, decrease STh excitation of GP_i, thus decreasing GP_i
- dopamine excites GABA/SP spine neurons that inhibit GP_i

45
Q

Basal ganglia model of movement selection

A
  • basal ganglia used for movement selection based on value/reward
  • dopamine neurons provide estimate of value/reward of an action
46
Q
A

true (in the context of reward selection)

47
Q

Lesions of STh produce

A

hyperkinetic dyskinesia (contralateral)

48
Q

hyperkinetic dyskinesia

A

results in ballismus (wild exaggerated involuntary movements of limbs)

49
Q

bilateral lesions of SNc produces

A

akinesia

50
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
Four main symptoms

A
  • bradykinesia/akinesia
  • rigidity
  • rest tremor of 4-7 Hz
  • postural instability
51
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
Main pathology

A

loss of pigmented cells in SNc

52
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
[incr./decr.] in GP_e activity

A

decrease

53
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
[incr./decr.] in STh activity

A

increase

54
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
[incr./decr.] in GP_i and SNr activity

A

increase

55
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
Hypothesized etiology

A

oxidative stress

56
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
Pharmacological treatment

A

L-DOPA

57
Q

Parkinson’s Disease:
Side effects of L-DOPA

A

hyperkinetic movements

58
Q
A

false, would predict involuntary movements that do not actually occur

59
Q

Lesion of putamen produces (x2)

A
  • obstinate progression
  • sterotypic behavior
60
Q

Bilateral lesion of caudate produces

A

changes in more complex behavior, eg
- compulsory approaching syndrome
- perseverative behavior

61
Q

Huntington’s Chorea:
Pathology

A
  • initial loss of spiny neurons in neostriatum (particularly GABA/ENK)
  • also loss of cerebral cortical neurons
62
Q

Huntington’s Chorea:
Symptoms

A
  • involuntary movements (chorea and athetosis)
  • dementia / personality changes

Nsci (18 decks)

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