2C - Education and Widening Opportunities, 1945-1979 Flashcards

1
Q

What % were in secondary moderns in the PW period?

A

75%

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2
Q

How many people at secondary moderns took a levels in 1964?

A

Only 318

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3
Q

What were technical schools?

A

Intended to educate MC for scientific or engineering work, aimed to help the country compete technologically but few were built due to cost, only took 3%

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4
Q

What was the 1965 Crosland Circular?

A

Calling for comprehensive schools and an end to 11+

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5
Q

What did WW2 highlight?

A

The need for educated troops as the complexity of technology increased

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6
Q

In what way were schools organised as a result of the Butler Act in 1944?

A

A tripartite system of grammar schools, secondary moderns and technical schools

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7
Q

What were grammar schools?

A

Intended to make academic education for all who could pass 11 plus exam, provided greater opportunity for WC children

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8
Q

How did secondary moderns differ to grammar schools?

A

WC schools, fewer resources, less qualified teachers

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9
Q

What effect did the Butler Act have?

A

Millions of WC children had free compulsory education. Girls had previously been excluded from secondary education and could not attend school.

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10
Q

How did Labour and Conservatives have differing opinions on the Butler Act?

A

Conservatives and RW Labour saw it as a system of effectively providing education for the economy’s needs. LW Labour saw it as socially divisive.

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11
Q

Why did the Etonian background of ADH and EH become out of favour with the public?

A

Seen as out of touch, didn’t recognise that most developed countries like Australia, European countries, Canada and Japan abolished their selection processes.

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12
Q

Where and when was the first comprehensive school?

A

1954 Kidbrooke

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13
Q

What did the 1959 Crowther Report recommend?

A

Raising the school leaving age to 16
More colleges
Widening the number of sixth form courses
Enabling all pupils who were capable of taking O-levels to do so

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14
Q

What did the 1963 Newsom Report recommend?

A

New teaching methods
Attention to be paid to teaching deprived children personal, social development and sex education
More practical subjects for lower ability pupils

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15
Q

What did the Labour manifesto pledge in 1964?

A

Intended to get rid of segregation in schools caused by the 11+

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16
Q

By 1964, how many grammars, secondary moderns and technical schools were there?

A

3906 secondary moderns, 1298 grammar schools, 195 comprehensives

17
Q

What did Labour inform LEAs in the 1960s?

A

That it expected to see them dismantle selection but never forced them to do so.

18
Q

What did the Labour gov hope by not forcing the dismantle of selection?

A

Gov hoped that gradually, more and more authorities would adopt comprehensive schooling and that new schools would be built as comprehensives.

19
Q

What did Margaret Thatcher do as EH’s education secretary?

A

Increased funding of direct grant schools, instructed that there would be no more mergers of grammars and
SMs but spoke out in favour of private education

20
Q

What had MT done by the time she had left the position of Education Secretary?

A

She had endorsed more comprehensive mergers than any other secretary. 1970-1974 approved 3286 comprehensive schemes out of 3612.

21
Q

The number of comprehensive schools was 30% in 1970, what had this increased to by 1974?

A

62%

22
Q

What did the 1976 Education Act do?

A

1976 Education Act reiterated demands from 1965 but did not compel LEAs to act.

23
Q

What did EH propose in 1976?

A

Ending the funding for direct grant schools and making them comprehensives despite DGs giving half their places free to academic wc and lower mc

24
Q

What did the Plowden Report recommend in 1967?

A

Banning corporal punishment
Giving children more freedom within the classroom
Encouraging teachers to help and advice rather than lecture

25
Q

What did academics believe about child centred learning?

A

believed it would improve educational attainment. Some schools who practiced CCL had outstanding results. Other schools who adopted it resulted in chaos.

26
Q

What did the Black Papers of 1969 do?

A

Criticised decline in the teacher’s authority in the classroom

27
Q

What did the Yellow Book state in the 1960s?

A

School discipline said to have declined
Curriculum said to not prepare pupils to serve economic interests
Gov and public had too little say on school activity

28
Q

What did the Ruskin Speech delivered by James Callaghan consist of?

A

PE had some merit and achieved good results when administered by skilled teachers
Did not wish to return to rote learning of 1950s
Thought there should be a national curriculum
Teachers needed to be more scrutinised and inspected

29
Q

What did Clement Attlee believe after WW2 concerning universities?

A

Unis should be centres for science and engineering: WW2 - skill shortage as innovations like code breaking, jet technology and IT had developed

30
Q

What did the Percy Report 1945 recommend?

A

That science and engineering should take over classical education like latin
Expansion of unis for influx of more students due to Butler Act

31
Q

What did the Barlow Report 1946 state?

A

Confirmed there were not enough scientists

Wanted expansion of unis

32
Q

What happened in 1961 despite the huge increase of school pupils?

A

only 15% of applications to unis were successful

33
Q

How many new unis opened in the 1960s known as plate glass unis?

A

20 e.g University of Kent, University of East Sussex and University of Canterbury - offered more subjects - very modern

34
Q

What did the 1961 Robbins Committee set out to do?

A

5X more student places by 1980 and stated that unis should achieve a competent workforce with well educated students, teachers would still continue research

35
Q

What happened in 1970 regarding universities?

A

11 more unis opened, agreed that welfare state should be expanded to pay for tuition and student grants
32 second tier institutions opened - polytechnics: scientific and vocational courses

36
Q

When was the Open University established?

A

1971

37
Q

How did degrees increase from 1920 to 1980?

A

1920 - 4357

1980 - 68150

38
Q

What was the social impact of universities?

A

Social mobility
HW, EH and MT all pms due to unis grants
1974 500,000 in HE
Pupils from top private schools still over represented in unis

39
Q

In what year were there more comprehensive schools than secondary moderns?

A

1975 - 2596 comprehensives compared to 1216 secondary moderns. 224 grammar schools still existed in 1980.