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Uncategorized > 2nd Quarter- MICROBIOLOGY Exam 2 > Flashcards

2nd Quarter- MICROBIOLOGY Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the lowest temperature at which an organism can live

A

minimum temperature

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2
Q

the highest temperature at which an organism can live.

A

maximum temperature

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3
Q

the temperature at which organism grows best.

A

optimum temperature

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4
Q

organisms that grow best at cold temperature. Usually below 20 degrees Celsius or less than 68 degrees Fahrenheit

A

Psychrophiles (cryophiles)

CHRO- CRY- COLD

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5
Q

most pathogens - bacteria that prefer medium temperature. Usually between 20 - 40 degrees C. The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of 98.6 F or 37 C. When the body temperature goes up (fever) it does so to kill the organism.

A

Mesophiles

MESO MEDIUM

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6
Q

helps to kill most pathogens that like medium temperature.

A

fever

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7
Q

The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of

A

98.6 F or 37 C.

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8
Q

organisms that grow best at warm temperatures. Usually above 40 degrees C

A

thermophiles

THINK THERMAL UNDERWEAR TO WARM UP OR A THERMOS OF HOT COFFEE

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9
Q

ultraviolet means

A

above violet

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10
Q

ultra violet light is bactericidal which means what?

A

will kill bacteria but will not kill all organisms because over a period of time organisms exposed to excessive amounts of ultra violet light will genetically mutate and develop resistance.

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11
Q

Ultraviolet light which ___________ be seen will ______ bacteria

A

cannot

kill

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12
Q

Deals primarily with solutions.

deals with something you cannot see without a microscope.

A

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis- diffusion through membranes

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13
Q

the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in greater quantity

A

solvent

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14
Q

the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in lesser quantity

A

solute

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15
Q

name the different osmotic pressure

A

Isotonic solutions
Hypertonic solutions
Hypotonic solutions

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16
Q

is the type of Osmotic Pressure necessary to properly study bacterial cells and red blood cells to ensure no change in size, shape, and volume

the number of particles entering the cell roughly equals the number of particles leaving. The shape and integrity of the cell is maintained

A

Isotonic Solution

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17
Q

excess solute. If a bacteria is placed in this type of solution it changes the shape of the cell. There will be more particles leaving than entering. The end result – the cell will atrophy

A

hypertonic solution

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18
Q

to wrinkle or shrink

A

atrophy

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19
Q

the shrinkage of a bacterial cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution

A

plasmolysis

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20
Q

the shrinkage of a red blood cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution

A

crenation

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21
Q

beneath or below - less solute than normal. If a bacteria cell is placed in this solution, more particles will enter the cell than leave

A

hypotonic solution

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22
Q

The bursting of a bacterial cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution

A

plasmoptysis

(MOP) mop below the counter surface

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23
Q

The bursting of a red blood cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution

A

hemolysis

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24
Q

living organisms living together

A

symbiosis

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25
Q

relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to all involved

A

mutualism

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26
Q

relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to one w/ no effect to the other e.g. normal flora (living in on the human body)

A

commensalism

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27
Q

relationship between two or more organisms which is of benefit to one, harmful to the other.

A

parasitism

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28
Q

a relationship between two or more organisms which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone. Both parties have to do their part.

A

synergism

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29
Q

a relationship between two or more organisms in which the presence of one inhibits or prevents the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action.

A

antagonism

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30
Q

entry establishment & multiplication of pathogens within a host. Any disease caused by a microorganism

A

infection

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31
Q

the mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced.

A

contamination

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32
Q

the ability of an organism to cause infection in man.

A

Pathogenicity

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33
Q

True or False

A great number of pathogenicites are not infectious

A

True

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34
Q

relative to produce disease, the likelihood that the pathogenic organism will cause infection in man.

A

virulence

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35
Q

a dilution or weakening in the virulence of an organism. This will reduce or destroy its pathogenicity.

A

attenuation

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36
Q

micro-organisms naturally living in and on a host. Present on both dead and living bodies - the reason for disinfecting during embalming.

A

Indigenous flora - (normal flora)

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37
Q

resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs. Bacterial having developed a resistance to a drug.

A

drug-fast

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38
Q

An infection in which the causative agent (organism) comes from outside the body. Could come from on the body or from the air

A

exogenous infection

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39
Q

An infection which is caused by microorganisms which are normally present within the body.

A

endogenous infection

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40
Q

An infection of sudden onset and short duration, less than one year.
Examples: Meningococcemia -
Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -

A

acute infection

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41
Q

A fatal form of blood poisoning

A

Meningococcemia

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42
Q

early form of Alzheimer

A

Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -

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43
Q

An infection of slow onset and long duration. Greater than a year.
Example: Alzheimer

A

chronic infection

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44
Q

An infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Host could be a person or animal

A

communicable infection

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45
Q

means highly communicable. The likelihood that the

transmission to others will occur is greater

A

contagious

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46
Q

are antagonism to another organism.

A

antibiotics

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47
Q

An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community
Examples: cold and flu

A

endemic

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48
Q

an infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time

A

epidemic infection

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49
Q

Worldwide epidemic; an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same time
Example: Flu of 1919 20 million died

A

pandemic infection

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50
Q

An infection which occurs only occasionally (now and then) in a community.

A

sporadic infection

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51
Q 
The initial (first) infection of a mixed infection.
	The first of two infections
A

primary infection

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52
Q

An infection due to (caused by) two or more organisms.

When a person or animal is suffering from two or more infections at the same time.

A

mixed infection

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53
Q

The second and generally more complicating infection in a mixed infection.

*  is usually more lethal.
A

secondary infection

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54
Q

An infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area.
Examples: Abscessed tooth

A

local infection

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55
Q

An infection confined to a particular area, but from which the bacteria spread to other parts of the body. An infection spreads

A

focal infection

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56
Q

Infection throughout, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood

A

general infection

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57
Q

A condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream, but are not multiplying there. Presence of bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

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58
Q

Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms, with their subsequent multiplication therein. Common name is “blood poisoning.”

A

Septicemia

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59
Q

the presence of an organism in the blood.

A

sepsis

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60
Q

The presence of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood.

A

toxemia

61
Q

An infection, which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and cause death.

A

terminal infection

62
Q

The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects

A

contamination

63
Q

inanimate objects. Seen only with a microscope

A

fomite

64
Q

The invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites, i.e., those able to be seen with the unaided eye. Maggots

A

infestation

65
Q

unaided eye to see the infestation

A

macroscopic

66
Q

The ability (or likelihood) of a microorganism to produce disease.

A

virulence

67
Q

implies a weakening or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism.

A

attenuation

68
Q

An infection primarily of animals that may be secondarily transmitted to man

A

zoonatic

69
Q
  • inflammation of the brain
A

encephalitis

70
Q

caused by mosquitoes

A

Encephalitis and Malaria

71
Q

mosquitoes biting migratory birds

A

encephalitis

72
Q

mosquitoes biting monkeys

A

malaria

73
Q

A hospital-acquired infection; one obtained while in the hospital.
Staph. (Staff)

A

Nosocomial

74
Q

Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria. Puss in the blood. Staph. Strept

A

pyemia

75
Q

An infection which causes a fever (elevated temperature).

A

pyremia

76
Q

A sudden, severe, and overwhelming infection, such as spinal meningitis.

A

fulminating

77
Q

Infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood

A

generalized infection

78
Q

A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body’s defense, but may spread when the body resistance is reduced.
Cold sores, Syphilis. They go away but are not dead. In the case of syphilis the disease has gone to the second stage.

A

latent infection

79
Q

An infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable. TB

A

inapparent infection

80
Q

An infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized.
Rubella (German measles), Mumps

A

typical infection

81
Q

An infection in which all the symptoms are not easily recognizable, meaning that it could be confused with another infection. Not typical - TB. Complaint of one problem Intestinal pain and find out it is TB of the intestines

A

atypical infection

82
Q

Any microorganism that causes disease in man

A

pathogen

83
Q

Any microorganism that does not cause disease in man.

A

non-pathogen

84
Q

types of pathogens

A

normal flora
opportunists
strict (obligate) pathogens

85
Q

Microorganisms that live and grow in and on the human body. Most are non-pathogens. Indigenous

A

normal flora

86
Q

Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person’s normal flora are usually these, since they alone cannot penetrate unbroken skin.

A

opportunists

87
Q

Microorganisms that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them.
They are never a part of one’s normal flora.
A must behavior
Example: Strept throat

A

strict (obligate) pathogens

88
Q

factors influencing virulence

A

toxin production
enzymes
capsules
endospores

89
Q

Poison substance

A

toxin production

90
Q

Poison substance produced all the time and continuously released to the outside of certain bacteria;
e.g. Tetanus, Cholera

A

exotoxins

91
Q

Poison substance only released when the cell producing the bacteria is destroyed; e.g.: Spinal Meningitis.
The ability of the bacteria to release a poison when the white blood cells of
the body kills the bacteria

A

endotoxins

92
Q

substances, which speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, without being used up or destroyed in the process

A

enzyme(organic catalyst)

93
Q

an enzyme that helps spread bacteria. Increase the bacteria’s ability to spread to other parts of the body

A

Hyaluronidase (Spreading factor)

94
Q

an enzyme that clots human plasma.

A

coagulase

95
Q

the liquid portion of non-clotted human blood.

A

plasma

96
Q

an enzymes that dissolves blood clots. Especially if the clot has caused MI (heart attack). Persons having a heart attack or stroke caused by a blood clot would receive this enzyme to prevent other blood clots.

A

Fibrinolysin (steptokinase)

97
Q

jelly like material located on the outside of certain bacteria.

A

capsules (slime layer)

98
Q

The presence of the slime layer will:

A

Enhances the bacteria’s virulence.
and
Protects the organism from phagocytosis

99
Q

cell ingestion

A

phagocytosis

100
Q

the best protection an organism can possess is the ability to produce spores.

A

endospores

101
Q

A person or animal that possess an organism after recovery from the infection it causes. The greatest risk of spreading an infection is immediately after recovery

A

active carrier of infection

102
Q

A person or animal that has a particular organism, even though they have never suffered from the infection it causes, and passes it along to another
Example: Typhoid Mary.

A

passive carrier infection

103
Q

sources of infection

A

A person or animal currently ill of the infection.
or
Chronic animal or human carriers

104
Q

an animal or person that possesses an organism and transmits to someone else during recovery from the infection it causes

A

convalescent carrier of infection

105
Q

outside environments

A

environment

106
Q

modes of transmission of infections

A

direct transmission

indirect transmission

107
Q

types of direct transmission of infections

A 
physical contact (sexually transmitted disease)
droplet infection (aerosol- sneezing)
congenital- rubella (German measles) contacted during pregnancy from mother to child
108
Q

types of indirect transmission of infections

A

a. Food poisoning (could taste fine at time of eating)
b. Milk (bovine strain of TB)
c. Fomites - lifeless inanimate objects - doorknobs, money, trocars, toilet seats, etc.
d. Water (water signs – approved: Dept. of Health)
e. Soil - tetanus or lock jaw.
f. Vectors - an animal usually an insect that is serving as an indirect mode of transmission.

109
Q

portals of entry and exit of pathogens

A
  1. Skin and mucous membranes - staph. These organisms are living on your skin and are opportunistic and invades the body through a cut. The skin is the largest organ of the body (liver the largest organ in the body)
    1. Respiratory tract - TB, pneumonia (infection of lung tissue itself)
    2. Digestive tract - cholera, loss of 10quarts of water per day), dysentery
    3. Genito - urinary tract (gut) - STD’s (sexually transmitted disease’s)
    4. Placenta - rubella (German measles) transmitted from mother via the placenta into developing infant. Rubella always means German measles.
      (we would prefer a mother to be sick with 10 day measles so as not to be sick with this)
110
Q

vehicles of exit pathogens

A 
feces
urine
semen
vaginal secretions
sputum
saliva
blood
pus and lesion exudates
tears
111
Q

Waste product from the digestive tract - dysentery, cholera extremely watery stool

A

feces

112
Q

a substance made of a combination of saliva and mucus brought up from the respiratory tract.

A

sputum

phlegm

113
Q

produced by three sets of salivary glands. Vehicle of exit of disease spread to humans
cytomegalovirus (CID) rabies

A

saliva (spit)

114
Q

a vehicle for exit of disease spread to humans.

Example: hepatitis A & B

A

blood

115
Q

A vehicle of exit of disease to humans; consists of both dead and living pus and blood.
Examples: abscesses, decubitus ulcers – bed sores

A

Pus and lesion exudates

116
Q

contain enzymes that kill bacteria

A

tears

117
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF AN INFECTION:

A
  1. Portal of entry of the pathogens and elective localization – when an organism chooses to restrict itself to a particular area or region of the body this is called “elective localization.”
  2. Number of organisms - the more in number of an organism, the more likely you will be infected.
  3. Virulence of the organism - the likelihood an organism will cause infection in humans.(measuring how likely it is to cause infection.) Example: 1918 Flu – they died.
  4. Resistance of the host - having a good immune system. Good resistance to the organism. (Deals with immune ty of the host). Opportunistic or secondary infection.
     Health or illness = N (V) 
                  R

 N - number of organisms
 V - virulence of the organism
 R - resistance
     N x V divided by - R
118
Q

when an organism chooses to restrict itself to a particular area or region of the body this is called

A

localization

119
Q

inhibits microorganisms from entering the body.

A

Mechanical Defenses (Anatomical)

120
Q

anatomical barriers

A

skin mucous membranes - soft moist tissue side the nose, ear, mouth, and eyes.
Bony encasements - skull, ribcage.

121
Q
  • the bodies total response to an injury.
A

inflammation

122
Q

an agent that causes the body temperature to rise

the substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. may come from within or from outside the body.

A

pyrogens

123
Q

(white blood cells) scavengers - large cell ingestors like packman.

A

phagocytosis

124
Q

enzymes present in tears which kill bacteria

A

lysozyme

125
Q

(HCL) hydrochloric acid produced within the stomach to kill bacteria.

A

gastric juice

126
Q

chemical defenses (body secretions)

A

lysozymes
and
gastric juices

127
Q

Specific protein produced within the body in response to a specific foreign protein or bacteria

A

antibodies

128
Q

virus neutralizing - a substance produced by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination.

A

interferon

129
Q

Another name for antibodies is

A

immunogoblin (Ig).

130
Q

The study of immunity.

A

Immunology

131
Q

excess water

A

edema

132
Q

loss of water

A

dehydration

133
Q

what is the ph of the human body?

A

7.4-7.5

134
Q

above 7 on the ph scale is

A

alkaline

135
Q

below 7 on the ph scale is

A

acidic

136
Q

most bacteria reproduce by what

A

binary fission (simple transverse division)

137
Q

a visible growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium (nutrient broth, blood agar)

A

bacterial colony

138
Q

the material you attempt to grow bacteria

A

medium

139
Q

to grow in a laboratory setting bacteria in a medium, (nutrient broth or agar)

A

culture

140
Q

all bacteria- pathogens are so classified and must have a source of carbon. Bacteria that obtain their food from inorganic matter. They manufacture their own carbon

A

autotrophic bacteria

141
Q

all organism that cause infection in a mans are classified as this and obtain their food from organic matter (food that contains carbon) Humans contain carbon glucose

A

heterotrophic bacteria

142
Q

name the three types of heterotrophic bacteria

A

strict (obligate) saprophytes
strict (obligate) parasites
faculatative bacteria

143
Q

a must behavior- a bacteria that must obtain its food from dead organic matter

A

strict (obligate) saprophytes

144
Q

Heterotrophic that must obtain their food from living organic matter

A

strict (obligate) parasites

145
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria that can obtain their food from dead or living organic matter

A

facultative bacteria

146
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria that must have presence of oxygen to live

A

strict (obligate) aerobes

147
Q

bacteria that must have absence of oxygen to live

A

strict (obligate) anaerobes

148
Q

bacteria that must have the presence of oxygen to live but at a level less than that required of humans

A

microaerophiles

149
Q

bacteria that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

facultative bacteria

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