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Uncategorized > 2nd Quarter- MICROBIOLOGY Exam 3 > Flashcards

2nd Quarter- MICROBIOLOGY Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

inhibits microorganisms from entering the body

A

Mechanical Defenses (Anatomical barriers)

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2
Q

types of anatomical barriers

A

skin, mucous membranes - soft moist tissue inside the nose, ear, mouth, and eyes. Bony encasements - skull, ribcage

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3
Q

types of defenses of the body against infection

A

mechanical, physiological, chemical

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4
Q

functional defenses of the body against infection

A

physiological defenses

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5
Q

types of physiological defenses of the body against infection

A

inflammation, fever, phagocytosis

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6
Q

the body’s total response to an injury

A

inflammation

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7
Q

the substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. They may come from within or from outside the body. They are literally an agent that causes the body temperature to rise

A

pyrogens

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8
Q

(white blood cells) scavengers - cell ingestion like pac man.

A

phagocytosis

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9
Q

specific chemical substances found within the body that protect us from infection

A

chemical defense

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10
Q

useful substance (glands).

A

body secretions

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11
Q

types of chemical defenses

A

body secretions, antibodies, interferon

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12
Q

(type of body secretion)enzymes present in tears, which kill bacteria

A

Lysozyme

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13
Q

(type of body secretion)- (HCL) hydrochloric acid produced within the stomach to kill bacteria

A

gastric juice

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14
Q

Specific proteins produced by the body in response to a specific foreign protein (antigen) or bacteria

A

antibodies

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15
Q

trigger production of antibodes

A

antigens

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16
Q

medical name for antibodies chemical defense against infection.

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

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17
Q

virus neutralizing substance produced individually by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination

A

interferon

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18
Q

glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with antigen. Once formed in the body, it will remain forever. It may decrease over the years. Another name is immunogoblin (Ig). They are classified as chemical defenses against specific infection in the body

A

antibodies

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19
Q

The study of immunity

A

immunology

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20
Q

a highly developed state of resistance of the body in response to a specific infection or disease.

A

immunity

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21
Q

the absence or suppression of factors responsible for development of immunity.

A

Susceptibility

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22
Q

Characteristics of Antigen

A

very specific; true. A true antibody is a substance produced by the body and has bivalent receptor sites (two ends) and only formed in response to antigens. A true antibody will have bivalent receptor sites; if incomplete, (only one end) an allergic reaction can occur

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23
Q

kinds of immunity

A

Natural (innate) immunity

Acquired immunity

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24
Q

type of immunity that is inborn (at conception, not birth)

A

natural (innate) immunity

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25
Q

three types of natural (innate) immunity

A

racial
species
individual- interferon

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26
Q

A type of natural immunity where a particular race is predisposed to a disease

A

racial immunity

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27
Q

Red Blood Cells are not round but look like a sickle, absence or lack blood

A

sickle cell anemia

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28
Q

distemper non-human disease

A

species

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29
Q

obtained immunity through the natural life process (not born with)

A

acquired immunity

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30
Q

type of immunity- natural life process. The body was actively involved in producing antibodies.

A

naturally acquired immunity

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31
Q

The body was actively involved in producing antibodies. Having a disease and recovering from it since you didn’t die from the disease

A

Naturally acquired Active immunity

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32
Q

naturally . The body was not directly involved in producing antibodies

A

Naturally acquired Passive immunity

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33
Q

types of Naturally acquired Passive immunity

A

colostrum
breast milk
placental transfer

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34
Q

not obtained through the natural life process but by a shot or immunization.

A

artificially acquired immunity

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35
Q

artificially acquired active; given when healthy to build up immunity against the infections
Example DPT

A

vaccine

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36
Q

artifically acquired active; poisonous substances that have been modified in the laboratory setting and used to convey immunity by shot or vaccine

A

toxoids

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37
Q

Active immunity _______ than passive immunity, however, it is _________ established. The immunity established would never be formed in the body without _______________

A

lasts longer
more slowly
the vaccination

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38
Q

a weakened active strain, live or dead (flu shot)

A

attenuated strain

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39
Q

not sure how to make this a card. I don’t really know how it goes with the artificially acquired active

A

Live or dead microorganisms, extracts (PPD) - purified protein derivative, the TB skin test

40
Q

Conveyed by artificial means instantaneously through a pre-formed antibody. Last the shortest time -7- 10 days

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

41
Q

examples of artificially acquired passive immunity

A

immune serum, antiserum, gamma globulin.

42
Q

level of controls of microrganisms

A

sterilization
disinfection
antisepsis

43
Q

process of completely removing and destroying ALL LIFE FORMS and their products (endospores and exotoxins) in or on a substance

A

sterilization

44
Q

the process of destruction of ALL PATHOGENIC organism (infectious agents) from an object through physical or chemical means

A

disinfection

45
Q

literally means against the presence of microorganisms - the prevention of growth of microorganisms, without necessarily killing them. [By preventing or inhibiting the growth of causative organisms.]

A

antisepsis

46
Q

the agent to achieve antisepsis. It does not kill a germs but prevents its growth and multiplication

A

antiseptic

47
Q

physical methods of control of microorganisms

A

Scrubbing
Heat - .
(1) Incineration

	(2) Dry heat -	 
	(3) Moist heat  
Cold temperatures 
Ultraviolet light (UV)
48
Q

The actual mechanical method of moving hands with a soft scrub brush and using a disinfectant soap.

A

scrubbing

49
Q

most common physical method of control of microorganisms

A

heat

50
Q

three types of heat methods of control of microorganisms

A

incineration
dry heat
moist heat

51
Q

Burning / Flaming as a lab technique.

A

incineration

52
Q

Convection oven

A

dry heat

53
Q

three types of moist heat

A

Boiling - liquid state to gaseous state.
Free-flowing steam
Steam under pressure: autoclave

54
Q

The best method; chemical or physical to achieve true sterilization

A

steam under pressure: autoclave

55
Q

Name the constant temperature, standard pressure, and standard exposure time for autoclave

A

Standard temperature: 121 degrees C – 250 degrees F
Standard pressure: 15 lbs.
Standard exposure time: 15 minutes

*15lbs @ 121 degrees for 15 minutes

If constant for temperature, pressure, and time, all forms of life known to man will be killed.

56
Q

_________ will ______ down the rate of decomposition. This is achieved because it __________ moisture.

A

Refrigeration
slow
removes

57
Q

means above violet, it is bactericidal, which means it will kill most bacteria. Bacteria, however, will build up an immunity to it

A

ultra violet light

58
Q

chemical methods to control microrganisms

A

Disinfectants

59
Q

Chemical agents used to disinfect. Substances which rid pathogens on objects.

A

disinfectants

60
Q

Chemical disinfectant that kills a wide variety of germs or pathogens (microorganisms).

A

germicide

61
Q

Chemical disinfectants which kill bacteria.

A

bactericide

62
Q

Chemical disinfectants which kill fungi, yeast, moles, and fungus, i.e., athlete’s foot and ringworm’s.

A

fungicide

63
Q

Chemical disinfectants which kill virus.

A

viricide

64
Q

Chemical disinfectants used to kill insects. Vectors

A

insecticides

65
Q

Chemical disinfectants used to kill larva of insects.

A

larvacide

66
Q

Factors influencing the action of disinfectants (8)

A

(1) Nature of the disinfectant - fit the disinfectant to the problem.
(2) Concentration of the disinfectant, as you increase the concentration, you increase the disinfectant’s ability.
(3) Nature of the material to be disinfected.
(4) Number of microorganisms present.
(5) Kind of microorganism present i.e., if a germ uses a germicide.
(6) Time of exposure to disinfectant - if you increase exposure time, you will increase the disinfectant’s quality.
(7) Temperature of disinfectant during exposure. If you increase the water temperature, the disinfectant will be diluted into, you will increase the effectiveness.
(8) pH of disinfectant during exposure.

67
Q

Disinfectants suitable for mortuary procedures

A 
Halogens 
Alcohols
Aldehydes 
Phenolic compounds 
Quatenary ammonium compounds (quats)
68
Q

types of halogens or salt formers (2)

A

Hypochlorites

Iodophors

69
Q

(bleaches) e.g.: NAOCL - household bleach. Standard solution is 1:10 dilution; standard external disinfectant per CDC (Center for Disease Control).

A

hydrochlorites

70
Q

iodine; betadine (rust or yellow color) contains iodine.

A

iodophors

71
Q

types of alcohols

A

Ethyl alcohol

Isopropyl alcohol

72
Q

use grain to produce and the only alcohol fit for human consumption

A

ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

73
Q

rubbing alcohol - Disinfectant

A

isopropyl alcohol

74
Q

alcohol deprived of hydrogen

A

Aldehydes

75
Q

types of aldehydes

A

Formalin

Glutaraldehyde

76
Q

(Formaldehyde solution) mixture of formaldehyde gas and water. Compare strength using an index.

A

formalin

77
Q

2% as Cidex. A better disinfectant than formalin (formaldehyde) but not as good as a preservative.

A

Glutaraldehyde

78
Q

the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in a 100 milliliter of solution. Also represent percentage of formaldehyde within that product or container.

A

index

79
Q

The highest index used in embalming is _____ The saturation point is (what percentage) by weight - (what percentage) by volume.

A

36 index.
37%
40%

80
Q

is 8 to 10 grams - the lowest index used in embalming.

A

jaundice

81
Q

disinfectants based on the chemical phenol

A

Phenolic compounds

82
Q

types of phenolic compounds

A

Phenol
Cresol
Hexachlorophene

83
Q

(carbolic acid) - it is acidic in terms of pH.

(1) Used as a cauterizer - to sear off or prevent leakage from tissue.
(2) Used as a bleaching agent

A

phenol

84
Q

a member of the phenolic compound. It’s household name is Lysol

A

Cresol

85
Q

a phenolic compound which is a topical disinfectant

A

hexachlorophene

86
Q

also called quats

A

Quatenary ammonium compounds

87
Q

examples of chemicals used as a quartenary ammonium compounds

A

Benzalkonium Chloride

Zephrian Chloride

88
Q

german measles

A

naturally acquired active

89
Q

anti serum

A

artificially acquired passive

90
Q

tetanus toxoid

A

artificially acquired active

91
Q

transfer of placental antibodies

A

naturally acquired passive

92
Q

colostrum

A

naturally acquired passive

93
Q

immunization

A

artificially acquired active

94
Q

gamma globin

A

artificially acquired passive

95
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

naturally acquired active

96
Q

vaccination

A

artificially acquired active

97
Q

immune system

A

artificially acquired passive

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