Q 1. During myocardial ischemia
- How does ATP change as time goes by? why?
- How does lactate change as time goes by?
- when does loss of muscle contractility occur?
- Beginning at onset of MI, when does it result in irreversible damage?
- ATP drops as time goes by. Because MI induces conversion from aerobic glcolysis to anerobic glycolysis
- lactate builds up as time goes by due to anerobic glycolysis
- loss of muscle contractility occurs 30 seconds (SUPER QUICK) after MI
- 30 mins after MI, damage becomes irrerversible
Q 3. Embryological origin of posterior pituitary?
neural tube
Q 3. Embryological origin of anterior pituitary?
oral ectoderm (Rathke pouch)
Q 3. Embryological origin of pineal gland?
neural tube
Q 3. Embryological origin of Schwann cell?
neural crest
Q 3. Embryological origin of thymus?
endoderm
Q 3. several pigmented spots + multiple subcentimeter, fleshy, cutaneous tumors… Diagnosis?
neurofibroma type 1 (NF1)
- several pigmented spots: cafe-au-lait
- multiple fleshy CUTANEOUS tumors: cuteneous neurofibroma
Q 3. Which cell is neurofibroma derived from? embryological origin?
- schawann cells
- nerual crest
Q 4. Does Klinefelter syndrome result in intellectual disability?
Yes.
Q 4. short stature, obesity, intellectual disability: what genetic disease is this? What genetic abnormality?
Prader- Willi
maternally imprinted gene. Thus Paternal (P as Parader Willi ) gene on chromosome 15 is mutated/deleted
Q 5. getting sick after eating mushroom what is going on?
death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) release toxin that inhibits RNA polymerase II, inhibiting mRNA synthesis
Q 9. Conus medullaris syndrome
- lesion at where?
- symptoms? These symptoms are associated with what nerve branch?
- L2
- impaired bladder (urination), impaired defecation (anal sphincter), and impotence: S3-S4 root
Pudendal nerve
- what is nerve root?
- what bony landmark is used for injection to numb pudendal nerve during delivery
- S2-S4
- ischial spine is bony landmark for injection to numb pudendal nerve
Q 10. Behavioral control for insomnia: example of each?
- sleep hygiene
- stimulus control
- sleep hygiene: avoid alcohol, naps, alcohol..
: hygiene- make sleep CLEAN - stimulus control: sleep only when you are sleep
- > leave bed if unable to fall a sleep in 20 mins
Q 12. How does synchronization of glycogen breakdown and muscle contraction occurs? what is key mediator for this?
Intracellular Ca2+
- > activates PK (phosphorylase kinase)
- > phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase becomes active form
- > glycogen breakdown
Q 13. What is central scotomata? What does scotomata mean?
- lesion in macula.
- socotomata: lesion in the middle, where peripherally surrounded by normal tissue
Q 14. Diarrhea causing infectious bugs that do not need many numbers to cause symptom? (4)
- shigella
- entamoeba
- Giradia
- camplyobacter
Q 16. E.coli: what toxin causes meningitis?
K capsule
Q 17. What is Cushing triad? what does it suggest?
- HTN, bradycycardia, bradypnea
- increased ICP
- increased ICP -> vessel constriction -> HTN
- > baroreceptor
bradypnea is because respiratory fucked up
Q 21. Explain hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis. What cell mediates this?
ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE (by INF-gamma) overproduces 1-alpha hydroxylase -> more 1,25-OH2 vitamin D
Q 22. How does erythema multiforme look like? What infections (2) are associated with it?
- target cell
- mycoplasma & HSV
Q 22. Apart from infection what three other conditions are associated with erythema multiforme?
- drugs (sulfa drugs, phenytoin)
- cancer
- autoimmune diseases
Q 23. Class 1 drugs: Compare binding affinity to Na+ channel
1C> 1A> 1B
sketchy: third floor (1C) TV watching guy tightly holding peanut butter jar. First floor (1A) queen holding peanut peanut butter loosely, while 2nd floor angry girl does not hold peanut butter at all.
Q25. What lipid drug causes gallstone?
gemfibrozil
