3 Flashcards

(81 cards)

1
Q

Which vessel contributes to the definitive superior vena cava?

A

Right common cardinal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which vessel is a primary contributor to the hepatic portal and superior mesenteric veins?

A

Right vitelline vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The following blood vessels contribute to inferior vena cava formation. Which one links the subcardinal and supracardinal systems?

A

Right subsupracardinal anastomosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The syndrome of left superior vena cava occurs due to which event?

A

Left anterior cardinal vein persists and right anterior cardinal vein regresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which fetal shunt links the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava?

A

Ductus venosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The round ligament of the liver derives from which fetal structure?

A

Left umbilical vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which PNS pathway requires two neurons?

A

General visceral efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance considered to be special senses?

A

Information for each is processed in a separate cortical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS dorsal root ganglion cells?

A

Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS somatic motor neurons?

A

Ventral basal plate neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS spinal cord sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Lateral basal plate neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the embryonic origin of PNS sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

Neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which support cells predominate in PNS ganglia?

A

Satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which support cells predominate in spinal cord white matter?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

General somatic afferent information travels to the sensory cortex via the dorsal column pathway made up of a sequence of three neurons. the axons of the second neurons extend from the medulla to the thalamus as which tract?

A

lemniscal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The cell bodies of which neurons would be located in the paravertebral (sympathetic chain) ganglia?

A

visceral motor postganglionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primary neurulation produces all of the following cells except?

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spinal cord alar plate neurons are classified as?

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dorsal root ganglion cells, sympathetic chain ganglion cells, sympathetic collateral ganglion cells, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, Schwann cels and Satellite cells derive from which source?

A

neural crest cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spinal neural tube neuroepithelial cell proliferation results in formation of ventricular, mantle, and marginal layers. How does the mantle layer relate to adult spinal cord structure?

A

represents gray matter cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The embryonic tissues produced from secondary neurulation derive from which source?

A

caudal eminence (tail bud)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid flow?

A

between the pia and the arachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Somitomeres and somites primarily derive from which source?

A

paraxial mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the correct order for the spinal meninges?

A

epidural, dural, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The spinal leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia) derive from which source?
neural crest cells
26
Failure of the neural tube to close over the entire spinal cord is?
Raschischisis
27
A vertebral malformation in which the dura and arachnoid layers herniate out of the vertebral canal as a fluid filled sac but the spinal cord is not displaced would be termed?
meningocele
28
A short, myelinated multipolar neuron would be classified as?
visceral motor preganglionic
29
The ependymal cells and pia combine to form the roof of the 4th ventricle as the?
tela chordia
30
Which nucleus is found in the brain stem but not the spinal cord?
special somatic afferent
31
The inferior ganglion for cranial nerve IX derives from which source?
petrosal placode
32
Which cranial nerve does not use basal plate derived multipolar neurons to provide general somatic efferent regulation of skeletal muscle?
V
33
Which cranial nerve does not develop in association with the pharyngeal arches?
III
34
Which cranial nerve does not provide general somatic afferent information?
III
35
Which cranial nerve provides general visceral efferent regulation of heart rate?
X
36
The pharyngeal arch cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X all contain special visceral efferent fibers. Which other feature do all four share?
all contain placode and neural crest derived afferent neurons
37
Which area lacks basal plate derived neurons?
diencephalon
38
Which area is characterized by oculomotor nerve (CN III), red nuclei and substantia nigra?
mesencephalon
39
The superior and inferior colliculi derive from which definitive brain region?
mesencephalon
40
The cerebellum derives from which definitive brain region?
metencephalon
41
The corpus striatum and basal nuclei derive from which definitive brain region?
telencephalon
42
The pineal gland derives from which definitive brain region?
diencephalon
43
The optic vesicle derives from which definitive brain region?
diencephalon
44
The posterior pituitary derives from which definitive brain region?
diencephalon
45
The cerebral aqueduct characterizes which definitive brain region?
mesencephalon
46
What is the embryonic origin of the anterior pituitary?
stomodeum surface ectoderm
47
What is the embryonic origin of the lens vesicle?
placode ectoderm
48
Why is cerebellum development unique relative to other brain regions?
neuroblasts migrate upward from the ventricular layer and downward from the outer germinal layer
49
An infant is born with a large mass protruding from the occipital region of the skull. Examination reveals herniation of brain tissue that includes a CSF filled extension of a lateral ventricle. How would you classify this condition?
meningohydroencephalocele
50
Cerebellar displacement as seen in Arnold-Chiari malformation is associated with which condition?
nonobstructive hydrocephalus
51
What is the embryonic origin of the corpus striatum?
telencephalon neuroepithelium
52
What is the embryonic origin of the lens of the eye?
surface ectoderm
53
The axons of which cells make up the optic nerve?
ganglion cells
54
The direct differentiation of mesenchyme cells into bone forming cells (osteoblasts) is classified as what type of osteogenesis (bone formation)?
intramembranous
55
Mesenchyme cell differentiation into cartilage forming cells (chondroblasts) that create a cartilage template, followed by conversion of the cartilage template into bone is which type of osteogenesis (bone formation)?
endochondral
56
Somites 1-4 are the occipital somites. The 4th occipital somite develops from which somitomere?
#11
57
The vertebra derive from which cell source?
sclerotome
58
Why is spinal nerve development regarded as segmental while vertebra development is intersegmental?
sclerotome cells from the cranial end of one somite fuse with the caudal end of the next somite
59
Name three cranial nerves that have special visceral afferent function for taste?
VII facial IX glossopharyngeal X Vagus
60
Name three cranial nerves that have special somatic afferent function and include bipolar neurons? also name the brain region of origin
I olfactory - telencephalon II optic - diencephalon VIII vestibulocochlear - metencephalon
61
Which areas are characterized by the presence of large choroid plexuses?
lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle
62
The cornea is made up of an outer epithelium, a middle stroma and an inner endothelium. What is the embryonic origin of these areas?
surface ectoderm mesoderm neural crest cells
63
Identify the four spinal cord alar and basal plate nuclei
Alar: GSA, GVA Basal: GVE, GSE
64
Identify the three new nuclei added in the brainstem
SSA, SVA, SVE
65
List the cranial nerves that develop with the pharyngeal arches by number, name, and ganglia
V trigeminal - semilunar trigeminal ganglion VII facial - geniculate ganglion; submandibular ganglion IX glossopharyngeal - petrosal ganglion; otic ganglion X vagus - nodose ganglion, jugular ganglion (superior); enteric ganglia superior ganglion - neural crest
66
How does CNS myelination differ from PNS myelination?
CNS- oligodendrocytes make myelin; 1 cell contributes myelin to many axons PNS-Schwann cells make myelin; 1 cell contributes myelin to a single axon
67
What is the fundamental difference between the paleocortex and the neocortex?
The paleocortex forms first and is relatively simple in structure, with three layers of cells. The neocortex is the new cortex and is more complex in structure, with typically 6 or more layers of cells. The neocortex forms more than 90% of cortical area.
68
Identify the origin of the cerebellum and cerebrum and explain why the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex are unique relative to the brainstem
The cerebral cortex (like the cerebellar cortex) begins development in a pattern similar to that of the spinal cord except that only alar plate cells are present
69
Identify each of the following: sulcus limitans chorda tympani nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
sulcus limitans- longitudinal lateral grooves in the developing neural tube that separate basal and alar plate neurons chorda tympani- Pathway for CN VII special visceral afferent fibers for taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue nucleus of Edinger-Westphal- mesencephalic GVE nucleus for cranial nerve III. controls pupil constriction
70
The parasympathetic nervous system contains which nerves? | Describe the fibers?
``` III oculomotor VII facial IX glossopharyngeal X vagus Sacral - S2-S4 preganglionic- long, myelinated postganglionic-short, unmyelinated ```
71
Describe the sympathetic nervous system fibers? contains which nerves?
``` preganglionic-short, myelinated postganglionic-long, unmyelinated thoracic T1-T12 lumbar L1-L2 T1-L2 ```
72
The somatic nervous system contains which nerves?
``` III oculomotor IV trochlear VI abducens XII hypoglossal all spinal nerves (segmental) ```
73
How does neuron divergence compare among the somatic, parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems?
somatic- none parasympathetic- low sympathetic- high
74
List the number, name, and basic function of the 12 cranial nerves. Be sure to indicate those with parasympathetic function.
I olfactory - smell II optic - sight III oculomotor - eye movement IV trochlear - eye movement V trigeminal - facial muscles VI abducens - eye movement VII facial - taste, tears, saliva, facial expression VIII Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance IX glossopharyngeal - swallowing, saliva, taste, pain/temperature X vagus - taste, swallowing, heart rate, respiration, gut motility XI accessory - neck muscles XII hypoglossal - tongue muscles, speech, swallowing
75
List the number, name, and functions of four cranial nerves that use basal plate derived multipolar neurons to provide general somatic efferent regulation of skeletal muscle.
III oculomotor - eye movement IV trochlear - eye movement VI abducens - eye movement XII hypoglossal - tongue muscles
76
Name the placodes that contribute to formation of cranial nerves I, V, VII, VIII, IX, and X.
``` I - olfactory placode V - trigeminal placode VII - epipharyngeal (geniculate) placode I VIII - otic placode IX - epipharyngeal (petrosal) placode II X - epipharyngeal (nodose) placode III ```
77
List the cranial nerves and major tracts that characterize the pons.
``` tracts; sensory - lemniscal motor - pyramids - transverse CN V - VII ```
78
Which cranial nerves provide SVA for taste in the tongue?
CN VII, IX, X
79
What is the CSF space that characterizes the pons and medulla?
4th ventricle
80
List the cranial nerves and major tracts that characterize the medulla?
tracts; sensory - lemniscal motor - pyramids CN VIII - XII
81
List the cranial nerves, major tracts, and CSF spaces of the mesencephalon.
``` tracts; -corticospinal (descending) -medial lemniscal (ascending) CSF space is the mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct) CN III and IV ```