3 | Anatomy and research methods Flashcards
(22 cards)
What does “Ventral” mean?
Ventral: Toward the Stommach
Opposed to:
Dorsal: Toward the back
If two structures are both on the left side, or both on the right side, what is their relationship?
Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
(both on the left or both on the right)
Opposed to:
Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body
(one on the left and one on the right)
What is a “sulcus” in the brain?
A fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another.
*a “fissure” is a long deep sulcus
What is the function of the “dorsal roots” of the spinal cord?
Dorsal roots: They recieve sensory input
Ventral roots: They control motor output
What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?
Parasympathetic nervous system: Vegetative activities
(Rest & Digest)
In relation to:
Sympathetic nervous system: Vigorous activities
(Fight or Flight)
Witch of these control breathing, heart rate, and salivation?
The Cranial nerves control vital reflexes eg. breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing,
Whitch of these is part of the forebrain?
Hippocampus: Forebrain
Medulla: Hindbrain
Pons: Hindbrain
Cerebellum: Hindbrain
Whitch of these structures provides most of the direct input to the cerebral cortex?
Most sensory information goes first to the thalamus, which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex.
What is the main way mammalian species vary in their cerebral cortex?
Mammalian brains differ in their size and their degree of folding
In witch of these ways do primates differ from elephants in their cerebral cortex?
Primates have more neurons per unit volume.
What is the relationship between columns and laminae in the cerebral cortex?
Each collumn crosses through one lamina after another
Where is the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
The main functions of the prefontal cortex include which of the following?
Working memory and weighing the pros and cons of a possible action
What is the binding-problem?
The question of how we percieve seperate sensations as part of a single object
The first demonstation that a brain area controlled a particular aspect of behavior pertained to which type of behavior?
Language
Whitch of the following is a method to inactivate a brain area temporarily?
- Steriotaxic instrument
- Transcranial magnetic stumulation
- Lesion
- Ablation
Answere: Transcranial magnetic stumulation
Witch magentic stumulans to the brain, it is possibleto innactivate neurons in the brain. This creates a “virtual lesion”.
What does the optogenetic technique enable researchers to test?
The function of a particular type of neuron
EEG and MEG are advantageous for measuring which of the following?
Changes in the brain activity over very short periods of time.
What is the first step of positron-emmision tomography(PET)?
Injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood
What is one advantage of fMRI over PET scans?
The fMRI does not expose the brain to radioactivity
Comparing MRI and fMRI, which one(s) measure the resonses of brain chemicals to a magnet field? Whitch one(s) show which brain areas are most active at the moment?
Both measure responses of brain chemicals to a magnetic field. Only fMRI shows which brain areas are most active at the moment.
Why should we be cautious when interpreting many of the reports linking certain aspects of brain anatomy to behavior?
Many published studies were based on small samples.
