3: Plant Systematics

Question 1

Theophrastus 371-287 BC

Answer 1

Father of botany

collected and named 500 species from mediterranean

Question 2

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 2

created binomial system of classification

Question 3

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Answer 3

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
species

Question 4

What does ORDER end in

Answer 4

-ales

Question 5

What does FAMILY end in

Answer 5

-aceae

Question 6

Basic flower structure

Answer 6

flower is a specialised reproductive shoot

contains 4 different whorls of organs

Question 7

4 whorl organs

Answer 7

Outer two whorls

1) calyx
2) corolla
3) stamens
4) carpels

Question 8

What is the calyx made up of

Answer 8

sepals

Question 9

What is the corolla made up of

Answer 9

petals

Question 10

what are stamens

Answer 10

male reproductive organ

Question 11

what are carpels

Answer 11

female reproductive organ

Question 12

what are the accessory flower parts

Answer 12

perianth

Question 13

what is the perianth made up of

Answer 13

calyx and corolla

Question 14

Female structures

Carpel

Answer 14

1) ovary
2) style
3) stigma (sticky to catch pollen)

Question 15

Male structures

Stamen

Answer 15

Anther

Filament

Question 16

Floral evolution

primitive to advance

Answer 16

Reduction
Fusion
Specialisation

Question 17

Example of reduction

Answer 17

number of flower parts (male/female parts)

Question 18

Example of fusion

Answer 18

Flower part fused together in arum lily (brat)
sepal and petals fused
female fused to male parts

Question 19

Example of specialisation

Answer 19

specialised shapes that enables the plant to be fertilized by one particular organism

Question 20

inferior ovary, advanced or primitive?

Answer 20

advanced

Question 21

Floral evolution

Calyx and corolla

Answer 21

1) loss of one whorl
2) two whorls may look similar
3) fusion of whorls to each other or the ovary

Question 22

Floral evolution

Stamen

Answer 22

• leaf modified to form stalk and anther
• anther loss
• fusion of filament to themselves or the corolla

Question 23

Loss of anther

Answer 23

staminode

Question 24

Fusion of filaments to themselves

Answer 24

connate

Question 25

Fusion of filaments to corolla

Answer 25

adnate

Question 26

Floral Evolution | Carpel

Answer 26

- leaf modified to form the ovary - numerous free carpels - numerous partly fused carpels - numerous fused carpels - superior ovary - partly inferior ovary - inferior ovary

Question 27

Apocarpous

Answer 27

Free carpels

Question 28

Syncarpous

Answer 28

fully fused carpels

Question 29

Superior ovary

Answer 29

above receptacle

Question 30

Inferior ovary

Answer 30

below receptacle

Question 31

Actinomorphic

Answer 31

uniform, radial symmetry

Question 32

Zygomorphic

Answer 32

``` bilateral symmetry (unable to be cut in more than one direction) ```

Question 33

Inflorescence

Answer 33

solitary

Question 33

Inflorescence | Solitary

Answer 33

coming from individual nodes on the stem and at each node a leaf is being formed and a stalk for the flowers

Question 34

Inflorescence | Single

Answer 34

single flower on a single stem

Question 35

Inflorescence | Raceme

Answer 35

stem with oldest growth at the base and newest at the top

Question 36

Inflorescence | Panicle

Answer 36

multiple clusters on several branches

Question 37

Inflorescence | Spike

Answer 37

individual flowers dont have their own stem they grow directly from the main stem

Question 38

Inflorescence | Spadix

Answer 38

spike are really tightly packed a thick spike is protected by a colourful brat

Question 39

Inflorescence | Umbel

Answer 39

stems from flower heads (equal length) come from one simple point which makes the head even like an umbrella

Question 40

Inflorescence | Corymb

Answer 40

flower cluster with flower stalks that are a little longer so the flower forms a flat or convex head

Question 41

Inflorescence | Capitulum

Answer 41

looks like one big flower but it is actually many tiny flowers all packed on the same flower head

Question 42

Inflorescence | Cymose

Answer 42

each main stem will have a flower on it

Question 43

Monocots

Answer 43

when it germenates it only has one seedling - only in multiples of three - leaf veins parallel - sheath base - scattered vascular bundles - fibrous root system

Question 44

Dicots

Answer 44

``` two cotyledons main veins usually branched vascular bundles arranged in ring flower parts usually arranged in multiple of four or five taproot usually present ```