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PSYC2360 > 3: SIGNALS > Flashcards

3: SIGNALS Flashcards

1
Q

electrical charge across a cell membrane (diff in charge inside + outside cell)

A

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

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2
Q

2 TYPES OF MEMBRANE POTENTIALS THAT AXONS HAVE

A
  1. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
  2. ACTION POTENTIAL
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3
Q

membrane potential of a neuron when it is AT REST (not being altered by excitatory/inhibitory postynaptic potentials)

A

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

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4
Q

brief electrical impulse that provides basis for conduction of info along axon

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

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5
Q

2 WAYS MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CAN CHANGE

A
  1. HYPERPOLARIZATION
  2. DEPOLARIZATION
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6
Q

incr in membrane potential of cell relative to normal resting potential (inside axon become more NEGATIVE than outside)

A

HYPERPOLARIZATION

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7
Q

reduction (toward 0) of membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential (inside of axon becomes more POSITIVE than outside)

A

DEPOLARIZATION

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8
Q

value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an ACTION POTENTIAL

A

THRESHOLD OF EXCITATION

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9
Q

VALUE OF RESTING POTENTIAL

A

-70 mV

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10
Q

VALUE OF THRESHOLD OF EXCITATION

A

-55 mV

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11
Q

VALUE OF ACTION POTENTIAL

A

+40 mV

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12
Q

VALUE OF HYPERPOLARIZED NEURON

A

-90 mV

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13
Q

movement of molecules from regions of HIGH concentration to regions of LOW conentration

A

DIFFUSION GRADIENT

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14
Q

substances that split into 2 particles w opposing electrical charge when dissolved in water

A

ELECTROLYTES

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15
Q

notion that oppositely charged atoms attract + alike atoms repel = due to ____

A

ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE

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16
Q

notion that CATIONS (+) + ANIONS (-) move towards areas of unlike charge (away from highly +/- areas)

A

ELECTROSTATIC GRADIENT

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17
Q

notion that gradients can balance one another + this is maintained by SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

A

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

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18
Q

pump that pushes SODIUM ions out of axon in exchange for POTASSIUM ions

A

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

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19
Q

fluid within cell

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

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20
Q

fluid outside cell

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

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21
Q

charge INSIDE cell = more ____

A

NEGATIVE (MORE ANIONS)

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22
Q

charge OUTSIDE cell = more ____

A

POSITIVE (MORE CATIONS)

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23
Q

IONS INSIDE CELL:
LOW concentration of ___ + ___
HIGH concentration of ___ + ___

A

LOW: Cl- + Na+
HIGH: K+ + A-

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24
Q

IONS OUTSIDE CELL:
LOW concentration of ___ + ___
HIGH concentration of ___ + ___

A

LOW: K+
HIGH: Cl- + Na+

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25
Q

Cl- uses ____ to get INSIDE cell + ____ to get OUTSIDE cell

A

DIFFUSION; ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE

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26
Q

Na+ uses ____ + ____ to get INSIDE cell + ____ to get OUTSIDE CELL

A

DIFFUSION; ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE; SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

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27
Q

K+ uses ____ to get INSIDE cell + ____ to get OUTSIDE cell

A

ELECTROSTATIC PRESSURE; DIFFUSION

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28
Q
  1. THRESHOLD OF EXCITATION PASSED/DEPOLARIZATION: Na+ channels OPEN + Na+ enters cell
  2. REPOLARIZATION: K+ channels OPEN + K+ leaves cell
  3. PEAK: Na+ channels become REFRACTORY (no more Na+ enters cell)
  4. HYPERPOLARIZATION: K+ continues to leave cell + membrane pot returns to RESTING level
  5. RESTING: K+ channels CLOSE + Na+ channels RESET
  6. extra K+ outside diffuses away
A

ION MVMTS DURING ACTION POTENTIAL

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29
Q

where is an action potential generated?

A

at AXON HILLOCK

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30
Q

ion channel that opens/closes acc to the value of the MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

A

VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT ION CHANNEL

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31
Q

sodium channel blocker that pufferfish contain that PREVENTS ACTION POTENTIALS

A

TETRODOXIN

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32
Q

principle that once an AP = triggered in an axon it CANT be stopped (impulse travels till end of axon)

A

ALL-OR-NONE LAW

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33
Q

principle that variations in INTENSITY of a stimulus/other info being transmitted in an axon = represented by variations in RATE at which axon fires

A

RATE LAW

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34
Q

HIGH rate of AP firing = ___ muscular contraction + STRONG stimulus (bright light) causes ___ rate of firing in axons of eyes

A

STRONG; HIGH

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35
Q

LOW rate of firing = ___ muscular contraction + WEAK stimulus (dim light) causes ___ rate of firing in axons of eyes

A

WEAK; LOW

36
Q

conduction of AP by myelinated axons where AP jumps from 1 NODE OF RANVIER to the next

A

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

37
Q

2 ADVANTAGES OF SALTATORY CONDUCTION

A
  1. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
  2. SPEED OF CONDUCTION
38
Q

autoimmune demyelinating disease in which immune system attacks myelin sheaths leaving behind sclerotic plaques + normal transmission of electrical impulses = affected

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

39
Q

macrophages gone wild bc of immune system glitch

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

40
Q

programmed cell death

A

APOPTOSIS

41
Q

junctions btwn TERM BUTTS at end of one axon + membrane of another axon

A

SYNAPSE

42
Q

membrane of term butt adjacent to POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE thru which neurotransmitter = RELEASED

A

PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

43
Q

cell membrane OPPOSITE term butt in synapse that RECEIVES msg

A

POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

44
Q

smol rounded structures in term butts that contain NTs

A

SYNAPTIC VESICLES

45
Q

proteins that fill vesicles w NTs

A

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

46
Q

proteins involved in release of NTs + recycling of vesicles

A

TRAFFICKING PROTEINS

47
Q

region of interior PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE of synapse to which SYNAPTIC VESICLES = attach + release NT into SYNAPTIC CLEFT

A

RELEASE ZONE

48
Q

secretion of substance of cell thru VESICLES/process by which NTs = released

A

EXOCYTOSIS

49
Q

chem substance released from end of a neuron during propagation of a nerve impulse that relays info from one neuron to another

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

50
Q

secreted substance composed of peptides that acts like NT except secreted in LARGER amts + diffuses FURTHER in body (not restricted to SYNAPTIC CLEFT)

A

NEUROMODULATORS

51
Q

chem substance produced in ENDOCRINE GLANDS + released into EXTRACELLULAR FLUID to be taken up by specific targets

A

HORMONES

52
Q

chemical that attaches to a NT binding site

A

LIGAND

53
Q

2 EXAMPLES OF LIGANDS

A
  1. NTs
  2. NEUROTOXINS
54
Q

3 TYPES OF SYNAPSES (BINDING SITES)

A
  1. AXODENDRITIC
  2. AXOSOMATIC
  3. AXOAXONIC
55
Q

AXODENDRITIC SYNAPSE

A

synapse on DENDRITE

56
Q

AXOSOMATIC SYNAPSE

A

synapse on SOMA

57
Q

AXOAXONIC SYNAPSE

A

synapse on AXON

58
Q

receptor molecules in POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE of a synapse that contains BINDING SITE for NT

A

POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS

59
Q

ion channel that opens when a molecule of a NT binds w POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTOR

A

NT-DEPENDENT ION CHANNELS

60
Q

2 MAIN TYPES OF POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTOR/ION CHANNELS

A
  1. IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS
  2. METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS
61
Q

DIRECT METHOD: receptor that contains a binding site for a NT + an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the NT attaches to the binding site (contains sodium channels)

A

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS

62
Q

INDIRECT METHOD: receptor that contains a binding site for NT + are located nearby G-PROTEINS which activate an ion channel when an NT attaches to the binding site

A

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS

63
Q

protein coupled to a METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR that conveys msgs to other molecules when a LIGAND binds w + activates the receptor

A

G-PROTEIN

64
Q

DEPOLARIZATION/HYPERPOLARIZATION caused by activation of POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTORS w molecules of NT

A

POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL

65
Q

meaning electrical charge = MORE POSITIVE than resting potential (MORE likely to fire)

A

EXCITATORY

66
Q

meaning electrical charge = MORE NEGATIVE than resting potential (LESS likely to fire)

A

INHIBITORY

67
Q

what are POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS determined by?

A

ION CHANNEL OPENED BY NT (NOT NT ITSELF)

68
Q

4 MAJOR TYPES OF NT-DEPENDENT ION CHANNELS IN POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. Ca2+
69
Q

ACTION POTENTIALS are always ____

A

EXCITATORY (AP)

70
Q

EXCITATORY DEPOLARIZATION of the POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE of a synapse caused by the liberation of a NT by the term butt

A

EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP)

71
Q

Which ION CHANNEL opens during an EPSP?

A

SODIUM CHANNELS

72
Q

INHIBITORY HYPERPOLARIZATION of the POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE caused by the liberation of a NT by the term butt

A

INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)

73
Q

Which ION CHANNEL opens during an IPSP?

A

POTASSIUM CHANNELS

74
Q

2 MECHANISMS THAT TERMINATE PSP

A
  1. REUPTAKE
  2. ENZYMATIC DEACTIVATION OF NTs
75
Q

rapid removal of NT from synaptic cleft that terminates PSP

A

REUPTAKE

76
Q

drugs that prolong PSP by INHIBITING REUPTAKE

A

SSRIs (SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS)

77
Q

destruction of NT by an enzyme after its release that terminates PSP

A

ENZYMATIC DEACTIVATION OF NTs

78
Q

process by which INHIBITORY + EXCITATORY PSPs summate + control rate of firing a neuron

A

NEURAL INTEGRATION

79
Q

EXCITATORY synapse activity INCR = AP firing rate ___

A

INCR

80
Q

INHIBITORY synapse activity INCR = AP firing rate ___

A

DECR

81
Q

type of NEURAL INTEGRATION in which equal EXCITATORY/INHIBITORY input will cause NO CHANGE

A

SPATIAL INTEGRATION

82
Q

type of NEURAL INTEGRATION in which ripples can combine to make bigger ripples

A

TEMPORAL INTEGRATION

83
Q

receptors in PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE that respond to NTs they produce by regulating synthesis + release of other NTs

A

AUTORECEPTORS

84
Q

When NT binds to AUTORECEPTOR = ___ rate of synthesis/release of NT from PRESYNAPTIC CELL

A

DECR rate

85
Q

disease of dopamine deficiency

A

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

86
Q

disease involving abnormal electrical stimulation

A

EPILEPSY

87
Q

disease when neurofibrillary tangles affect transport of NTs

A

ALZHEIMER’S

PSYC2360 (17 decks)

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