3 STONE AS BUILDING MATERIALS

Question 1

This represents the strongest, most used and most durable materials of the past, usually preferred for structures of the greatest importance.

Answer 1

Stone

Question 2

Given its larger strength, it is also the one that better survived along the history, representing nowadays an incredible evidence of prehistoric man.

Answer 2

Stone Masonry

Question 3

Two main difficulties ancient builders have to solve when using stone masonry:

Answer 3

1. extraction from the quarry
2. dimensioning

Question 4

Its durability in earlier earthen rudimentary buildings was low but its simplicity and quick availability of materials made the earthen construction technologies whenever stone is not available.

Answer 4

Earth and Brick

Question 5

The first shelter using earth were made out of what?

Answer 5

bush
small wooden members
mud for waterproofing

Question 6

It belongs to the geologic group of sedimentary rocks, which are created by accumulation of sediments along thousand of years.

Answer 6

Clay

Question 7

It can be found in so-called clay pits mostly close to riverbed, lakes and valleys.

Answer 7

Clay

Question 8

Building methods of earth construction

Answer 8

1. Direct Digging
2. Straw Clay
3. Wattle and Daub
4. Direct Shaping

Question 9

A building method wherein the first habitation were built directly in the ground by digging out layer.

Answer 9

Direct Digging

Question 10

A building method wherein clay soil was added to straw (the clay binds the straw together), and it was used to build several building components (brick, blocks and panels)

Answer 10

Straw Clay

Question 11

A building method wherein a bearing wooden structure was filled with clayey earth mixed with straw to prevent shrinkage.

Answer 11

Wattle and Daub

Question 12

An ancient technique that made use of a very plastic earth to model forms directly without using any kind of mold or framework.

Answer 12

Direct Shaping

Question 13

What binds stones or bricks together?

Answer 13

Mortar

Question 14

It is a workable paste used to bind stone or brick units together and build masonry elements.

Answer 14

Mortar

Question 15

It eliminates the effect of irregularities in the units by facilitating the stone or bricks’ stacking and prevents the concentration of stresses.

Answer 15

Mortar

Question 16

It is a material used in masonry construction to fill the gaps between the bricks or stone blocks.

Answer 16

Mortar

Question 17

Mortar is a mixture out of what?

Answer 17

Sand
Cement or Lime
Water

Question 18

Two Ancient Mortars:

Answer 18

1. Clay and Mud
2. Gypsum Mortar

Question 19

The first mortars were made out of these two, as demonstrated in the 10th millenia BCE buildings of Jericho, and the 8th millenia BCE of Ganj Dareh.

Answer 19

Clay and Mud

Question 20

This ancient mortar did not perform well in the presence of water of high humidity.

Answer 20

Clay and Mud

Question 21

The earliest known mortar was used by the ancient Egyptians and was made from what?

Answer 21

Gypsum

Question 22

This ancient mortar is also known as Plaster of Paris.

Answer 22

Gypsum

Question 23

Gypsum mortar is made up of what?

Answer 23

Plaster
Sand

Question 24

Example of modern mortar

Answer 24

Polymer cement mortar

Question 25

It is the materials which are made by partially replacing the cement hydrate binders of conventional cement mortar with polymers.

Answer 25

Polymer Cement Mortars (PCM)

Question 26

The polymeric admixtures include:

Answer 26

• Latexes or emulsions
• Liquid thermoset resins
• Monomers

Question 27

It has low permeability that may be detrimental to moisture accumulation when used to repair a traditional brick, block or stone wall.

Answer 27

Polymer Mortar

Question 28

This modern mortar is mainly designed for repairing concrete structures.

Answer 28

Polymer Mortar

Question 29

This strongly influence concrete’s freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy.

Answer 29

Aggregates

Question 30

Characteristics of aggregates include:

Answer 30

*Grading–or the particle sizes
* Durability
*Particle shape and surface texture
*Abrasion and skid resistance
*Unit weight and voids
*Absorption and surface moisture

Question 31

This mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing brickwork a certain degree of flexibility to adapt to shifting ground or other changing conditions.

Answer 31

Lime mortar

Question 32

This mortar is harder and allows little flexibility.

Answer 32

Cement mortar

Question 33

This mortar is considered breathable in that it will allow moisture to freely move through and evaporate from the surface in old buildings with walls that shift over time.

Answer 33

Lime mortar

Question 34

What not to do when using lime mortar and cement mortar?

Answer 34

Using both of them in a single wall.