3: STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS SEROTYPES, SPIROCHETE, FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES Flashcards by Secret acc

______, although naturally present among the human oral microbiota, is the microbial species most strongly associated with carious lesions.

______
______
______

Streptococcus mutans, ACIDOGENIC, ACIDURIC, BIOFILM FORMATION

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

MAIN FEATURES
• ______, ______ bacterium

Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

MAIN FEATURES
• Its ability to metabolize ______ (especially ______) into ______, which demineralizes tooth enamel.

sugars, sucrose, lactic acid

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

MAIN FEATURES
• Produces ______ (______) from sucrose, forming a sticky capsule that adheres to teeth and traps bacteria in ______ (dental plaque).

extracellular polysaccharides, glucans, biofilms

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

MAIN FEATURES
• Found at the ______ of plaque, positioned by ______ bacteria (e.g., ______, ______) that help S. mutans access sucrose-rich areas.

periphery, scaffolding, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

MAIN FEATURES
• Synergizes with other oral bacteria (e.g., ______) to enhance ______ formation and ______ production.

S. sobrinus, plaque, acid

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

MAIN FEATURES
• Previously thought to dominate plaque, but ______ studies show it coexists with diverse ______ (e.g., ______, ______, ______).

FISH, taxa, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Haemophilus

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

The serotype-specific antigens of Streptococcus mutans are determined by the structure of ______ in the ______. These polysaccharides are crucial for bacterial classification (serotypes c, e, f, k) and play roles in adhesion, immune evasion, and biofilm formation.

rhamnose-glucose polymers (RGPs), cell wall

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

RHAMNOSE GLUCOSE POLYMER AND GLUCOSE SIDE CHAIN

The RGPs are branched polysaccharides consisting of:

Rhamnose (Rha)
Glucose (Glc)

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

RHAMNOSE GLUCOSE POLYMER AND GLUCOSE SIDE CHAIN

The RGPs are branched polysaccharides consisting of:
• ______ – A 6-deoxy sugar that forms the backbone.

Rhamnose (Rha)

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

RHAMNOSE GLUCOSE POLYMER AND GLUCOSE SIDE CHAIN

The RGPs are branched polysaccharides consisting of:
• ______ – Attached as side chains in varying patterns, defining serotype specificity.

Glucose (Glc)

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

RHAMNOSE GLUCOSE POLYMER AND GLUCOSE SIDE CHAIN

RGPs contribute to ______ and ______, aiding in:
• Binding to ______ (via ______ proteins).
• ______ with other oral bacteria (e.g., ______).

cell wall rigidity, hydrophobicity

salivary pellicle, antigen I/II

Coaggregation, S. sanguinis

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STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

RHAMNOSE GLUCOSE POLYMER AND GLUCOSE SIDE CHAIN

RGPs modulate host ______ by:
• Mimicking ______ (______).
• Reducing ______ by ______.

immune responses

human antigens, molecular mimicry

phagocytosis, macrophages

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES:

S. mutans serotype c
S. mutans serotype e
S. mutans serotype f
S. mutans serotype k

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Most common

S. mutans serotype c

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Highly cariogenic (causes tooth decay)

S. mutans serotype c

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Most acidogenic (produces more lactic acid).

S. mutans serotype c

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Dominates in early childhood caries.

S. mutans serotype c

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• ~70-80% of isolates

S. mutans serotype c

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Structure
- Repeating units of rhamnose (R)
- Occasionally has glucose (G) attached via α1→2 linkage to rhamnose.

S. mutans serotype c

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Less common

S. mutans serotype e

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Less cariogenic than serotype c

S. mutans serotype e

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• ~20% of isolates

S. mutans serotype e

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES

______
• Structure
- Repeating units of rhamnose (R)
- But the glucose (G) is attached via β1→2 instead of α-linkage.

S. mutans serotype e

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S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Some strains are highly acidogenic

S. mutans serotype f

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Rare (<5%)

S. mutans serotype f

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Structure - Repeating units of rhamnose (R) - Glucose attached via α1→3 linkage.

S. mutans serotype f

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Associated with systemic infections (e.g., infective endocarditis)

S. mutans serotype k

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Weak biofilm but more invasive (can enter bloodstream).

S. mutans serotype k

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Rare (~1-5%)

S. mutans serotype k

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Unique RGPs with reduced glucan synthesis

S. mutans serotype k

S. MUTANS SEROTYPES ______ • Structure - Repeating units of rhamnose (R) - No glucose side chains at all.

S. mutans serotype k

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES • ______ but ______ under specific conditions

Fastidious, culturable

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES • Requires ______ media (e.g., ______ agar or ______ agar)

enriched, Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Tryptic Soy Yeast Extract

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES • Grows best in ______ to ______ conditions (______% CO₂ enhances growth)

microaerophilic, anaerobic, 5

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES • Incubation period: ______–______ hours at ______°C

48, 72, 37

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES • ______ may require extended incubation or specialized media

Serotype k

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES serotype diffentiation • ______ tests with serotype-specific ______

Agglutination, antibodies

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES serotype diffentiation • ______ methods: Target ______ genes

PCR-based, RGP biosynthesis

CULTURE FOR S.MUTANS SEROTYPES serotype diffentiation • ______ sequencing: ______ standard for precise identification

Whole-genome, Gold

______ • a list of oral diseases and conditionsprimarily caused or exacerbated by Streptococcus mutans and its interactions with other oral pathogens

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS FOUR MAIN ORAL DISEASES:

Tooth decay Gingivitis Periodontitis Dental Abscess

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS S. mutans is most notorious for cavities, but it interacts with other microbes to exacerbate broader oral diseases. Disease: Dental caries S. mutans role: ______ Other key pathogens involved: ______, ______

Primary, Lactobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp.

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS S. mutans is most notorious for cavities, but it interacts with other microbes to exacerbate broader oral diseases. Disease: Gingivitis S. mutans role: ______ Other key pathogens involved: ______, ______

Contributor, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS S. mutans is most notorious for cavities, but it interacts with other microbes to exacerbate broader oral diseases. Disease: Periodontitis S. mutans role: ______ Other key pathogens involved: ______, ______

Minor role, T. forsythia, T. denticola

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS S. mutans is most notorious for cavities, but it interacts with other microbes to exacerbate broader oral diseases. Disease: Dental Abscess S. mutans role: ______ Other key pathogens involved: ______, ______

Indirect cause, F. nucleatum, Prevotella spp

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS PROPHYLAXIS • Use ______ toothpaste (______ppm fluoride) ______x/day for ______ minutes. • Strengthens enamel via ______ formation.

fluoride, 1,450, 2, 2, fluorapatite

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS PROPHYLAXIS • Limit ______ sugars to <______% of daily calories (WHO guideline). • Avoid ______ sugars (e.g., caramel, dried fruit) that adhere to teeth. • No ______/______ (except water) between meals to allow ______ recovery.

free, 10, sticky, snacks, sips, pH

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS PROPHYLAXIS • Electric toothbrushes remove ______% more plaque than manual (Cochrane Review). • ______ daily or use ______ brushes(critical for biofilm removal between teeth).

21, Floss, interdental

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS PROPHYLAXIS Tongue Cleaning • Reduces bacterial load by ______% (Journal of Periodontology).

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS PROPHYLAXIS Antimicrobial Mouthwashes • ______ 0.12% (gold standard, but limit to ______-week cycles to avoid staining). • ______ (in OTC mouthwashes like Crest Pro-Health).

Chlorhexidine, 2, Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)

S. MUTANS PATHOGENS PROPHYLAXIS ______ • Disrupts S. mutans glycolysis; ______-______g/day(e.g., xylitol gum after meals).

Xylitol, 6, 10

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES There are ______ described Fusobacterium strains; the predominant one affecting humans is ______, followed by ______.

thirteen, F. nucleatum, F. necrophorum

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES:

FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM FUSOBACTERIUM NECROPHORUM

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES ______ is not a major contributor to dental plaque.

Fusobacterium necrophorum

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES ______ is a species of bacteria responsible for Lemierre's syndrome. It has also been known to cause sinusitis, mastoiditis, and odontogenic infections.

Fusobacterium necrophorum

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES ______ is a gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, often appear as cigar shaped bacilli with pointed ends with a central swelling.

FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES ______ is a prominent member of dental plaque, where it can coaggregate with other bacteria, contributing to the formation and structure of plaque.

F. nucleatum

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES CULURE AND IDENTIFICATION Culturing Fusobacterium: • Strict ______ conditions are required.

anaerobic

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES CULURE AND IDENTIFICATION Use ______ media like: • ______ (with vitamin K1). • ______ for better isolation.

enriched, Brucella Blood Agar, Fusobacterium Selective Agar (FSA)

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES CULURE AND IDENTIFICATION Identification of possible fusobacterium: • Gram stain: ______, ______ rods.

Gram-negative, slender

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES CULURE AND IDENTIFICATION Biochemical tests for confirmation: • ______ production • ______ detection • ______ methods (e.g., PCR) confirm species.

Indole, Butyric acid, Molecular

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES CULURE AND IDENTIFICATION The presence and abundance of Fusobacterium in dental plaque samples helps conclude its contribution to the complex structure and development of ______, a precursor to ______.

dental plaque, dental diseases

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENICITY OF F. NUCLEATUM ______ bridges different bacteria in dental plaque through specific surface molecules called ______.

F. nucleatum, adhesins

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENICITY OF F. NUCLEATUM These ______ on the F. nucleatum cell surface can bind to ______ present on the surfaces of a wide variety of other oral bacteria.

adhesins, complementary receptors

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENICITY OF F. NUCLEATUM This allows F. nucleatum to physically link ______ (which initially attach to the tooth surface) with ______ (which might not attach directly to the tooth). This ______ process creates a more ______ and ______ biofilm structure, facilitating the accumulation and organization of diverse microbial communities within dental plaque.

early colonizers, later colonizers, co-aggregation, intricate, robust

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM:

• Bridges colonizers • Evading host defenses • Tissue damage • Dysbiosis

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM: ______: Helps early and late bacteria connect, allowing harmful ______ to settle in the plaque.

Bridges colonizers, anaerobes

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM: ______: Interferes with the host’s immune response, allowing the biofilm to ______.

Evading host defenses, persist

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM: ______: ______ triggers inflammation, damaging gums, bone, and ligaments.

Tissue damage, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM: ______: ______ levels of F. nucleatum disrupt the normal balance of oral bacteria, leading to an unhealthy, disease-promoting microbial environment.

Dysbiosis, High

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES Fusobacterium in combination with oral sphirochaetes, causes ______.

fusospirochaetal infections

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS:

• Acute ulcerative gingivitis or trench mouth • Vincent’s angina • Cancrum oris or noma

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS: • ______: Common non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. It is the ulceration of interdental papillae.

Acute ulcerative gingivitis or trench mouth

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS: • ______: Ulcerative toncillitis causing tissue necrosis, often due to extension of acute ulcerative gingivitis.

Vincent’s angina

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS: • ______: A sequela of acute ulcerative gingivitis with resiltant gross tissue loss of the facial region.

Cancrum oris or noma

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • ______ can't penetrate biofilms well, and ______ doesn't cause plaque alone. Prevention focuses on disrupting the entire ______, not targeting one resistant species.

Antibiotics, resistance, biofilm

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • Plaque prevention relies on ______ (brushing, flossing) and ______ agents such as mouthwash

mechanical removal, antimicrobial

FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES FUSOSPIROCHAETA INFECTIONS PREVENTION AND TREATMENT • Treating F. nucleatum in dental plaque primarily involves physical ______ through brushing, flossing, and professional cleanings. Antimicrobial ______ or local/systemic ______ may be used as adjuncts in specific cases. Maintaining good oral hygiene is key for long-term control.

removal, mouthwashes, antibiotics

______ • have Gram negative type cell wall (composed of an ______, a ______ and a ______)

SPIROCHETES, outer membrane, peptidoglycan layer, cytoplasmic membrane

______ • Gram-negative cell wall poorly stain

SPIROCHETES

______ • structurally more complex than other bacteria.

SPIROCHETES

______ • large, motile, helical bacteria.

SPIROCHETES

SPIROCHETES ENDOFLAGELLA FOR MOTILITY Underneath the cell wall run ______ to ______ axial filaments, called ______, that are fixed to the extremities of the organism. Contractions of these filaments distort the bacterial cell body to give it its ______ shape.

three, five, endoflagella, helical

SPIROCHETES ENDOFLAGELLA FOR MOTILITY The ______ shape and the ______ of the spirochaetes depend on integrity of these ______.

spiral, motility, endoflagella

SPIROCHETES ENDOFLAGELLA FOR MOTILITY Motility is of three types:

1. flexion and extension of the cells 2. corkscrew-like rotatory movement about the long axis 3. translatory motion i.e. from one site to another

SPIROCHETES SPIROCHAETES:

Treponema Borrelia Leptospira

SPIROCHETES SPIROCHAETES: • ______: causes syphilis, bejel, yaws, pinta and, in the oral cavity, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis individuals, such as through blood or bodily fluids

Treponema

SPIROCHETES SPIROCHAETES: • ______: causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease

Borrelia

SPIROCHETES SPIROCHAETES: • ______: causes leptospirosis

Leptospira

SPIROCHAETES ______ • The only genera of Spirochetes that are predominant in the human oral cavity.

TREPONEMA

SPIROCHAETES ______ • have regular coils, with a longer wavelength than that of Leptospira.

TREPONEMA

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA:

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII TREPONEMA VINCENTII TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • Part of the red complex: (with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia).

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA

______, ______ and ______ are considered the three agents of red complex bacteria almost always associated with periodontal disease.

Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, motile and highly proteolytic spirochete bacterium

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: form regular or irregular loose spirals

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: Difficult to culture: must be in an oxygen-free environment in an anaerobic chamber or anaerobic jar

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: ______: is an enriched nonselective medium used for the isolation, cultivation, and maintenance of Treponema spp. from clinical specimens.

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA, Oral Treponeme Enrichment Broth (OTEB)

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: ______ medium is a specific culture medium used for cultivating oral spirochetes, particularly Treponema denticola.

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA, New Oral Spirochete (NOS)

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA DENTICOLA • CULTURE: Incubated at ______°C between ______-______ days; ph ______-______

37, 4, 10, 7.2, 7.4

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA DENTICOLA • PATHOGENESIS: Treponema denticola moves through viscous environments like ______ via its ______ and penetrates tissues

gingival crevices, endoflagella

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA DENTICOLA • LABORATORY TEST: ______

Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA DENTICOLA • TREATMENT: ______, ______, ______, and ______

Doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, erythromycin

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______, ______ • PROPHYLAXIS: regular toothbrushing, flossing, and using mouth rinses, oral prophylaxis, reducing sugar intake, and quitting smoking.

TREPONEMA DENTICOLA, TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII • ______, ______, and ______ isolated Treponema socranskii in ______, ______

Robert Smibert, John Johnson, Richard Ranney, Virginia, 1984

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • A novel member of its genus because of its ability to ferment molecules that other Treponema species cannot.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: a motile, helically coiled, obligate anaerobe

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: motile using periplasmic flagella.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: In liquid media, it can move linearly or in a twisting screw-like motion.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: grows in media that contains fermentable carbohydrates. The media must also contain ______ from an unspecified ______ or short chain fatty acids

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII, liquid, rumen

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII • CULTURE: The preferred temperature for T. socranskii is ______ °C, but it will still slightly grow between ______ °C and ______ °C.

37, 25, 42

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: The cells are wider in the ______ than at the ______ and are ______ slightly. When plated, colonies of T. socranskii form between ______–______ days after inoculation and appear white, ______, irregular, with a dense center.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII, center, ends, curved, 7, 10, translucent

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENESIS: is found in the space between the teeth and gums of patients with the varying forms of periodontitis.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENESIS: Continuous accumulation forms biofilm to protect itself from the host immune system.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENESIS: Then it induces inflammation.

TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII • LABORATORY TEST: ______

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA SOCRANSKII • TREATMENT: ______

Fluoroquinolones

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • a Gram-negative, anaerobic spirochete bacterium commonly found in the human oral cavity.

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA VINCENTII • It is strongly associated with ______, also known as ______. This species forms part of the complex microbial community involved in periodontal diseases. It thrives in ______ conditions and contributes to oral biofilm formation, particularly in individuals with poor oral hygiene or immune suppression.

necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), Vincent's angina, anaerobic

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: Anaerobic, Gram-negative, and slender spiral (spirochete) shape

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: Possesses endoflagella (axial filaments) located between the cell wall and outer sheath, allowing corkscrew-like motility

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • MORPHOLOGY: Stains poorly with Gram stain; better visualized with dark-field or phase-contrast microscopy

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: Fastidious and difficult to grow in artificial culture

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: Requires strict anaerobic conditions and enriched media (e.g., serum-based or tissue extract media)

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: Grows very slowly; often studied with molecular methods rather than routine culture

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: Best observed directly from clinical samples

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE: Possesses outer membrane proteins and lipooligosaccharides (LOS), which can elicit immune responses

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE: Shows antigenic variation, which may help evade host immune detection

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE: Some antigens are shared with other oral spirochetes, complicating serological identification

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA VINCENTII • RESISTANCE: Generally susceptible to ______ antibiotics and ______

beta-lactam, nitroimidazoles

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • RESISTANCE: Not associated with high levels of antibiotic resistance

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • RESISTANCE: More tolerant in biofilm environments, where protection from antimicrobial agents is increased

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENISIS: Involved in necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), also known as Vincent’s angina

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENISIS: Acts synergistically with Fusobacterium nucleatum and other anaerobic bacteria in polymicrobial infections

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENISIS: Causes ulceration, pain, bleeding gums, and fetid breath

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PATHOGENISIS: Often associated with stress, poor oral hygiene, smoking, immunosuppression, and malnutrition

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

______ • Also known as "Vincent’s angina"

NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (NUG)

______ • Is a rapidly progressive, painful infection of the gums characterized by necrosis, ulceration, and bleeding of the gingival tissues.

NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (NUG)

NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (NUG) It causes: • ______ • ______ taste in the mouth • Difficulty ______ or ______ • In advanced cases: ______, ______, and ______

Fetid halitosis, Metallic, eating, brushing, fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes

NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (NUG) Causes and Risk Factors:

• Poor oral hygiene • Smoking • Stress • Malnutrition • Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV, cancer therapy) • Concurrent infections

NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS (NUG) Common Microorganisms Involved:

• Treponema vincentii (spirochete) • Fusobacterium nucleatum (anaerobic rod) • Prevotella intermedia

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA VINCENTII • LABORATORY TREATMENT DIAGNOSIS (TESTS): - ______: Allows visualization of characteristic spirochete motility in lesion exudate - ______: For identifying T. vincentii DNA in clinical samples - ______: Diagnosis often made clinically, supported by lab findings

Dark-field microscopy, PCR-based detection, Clinical signs

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA VINCENTII • TREATMENT: - Systemic antibiotics: ______, ______ or combination with ______ - Local ______ and ______ improvement - Supportive care: ______ management, improved ______, and ______

Metronidazole, penicillin, amoxicillin debridement, oral hygiene Pain, nutrition, hydration

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • PROPHYLAXIS: - Good oral hygiene - Routine dental care - Avoidance of predisposing factors like smoking and poor nutrition

TREPONEMA VINCENTII

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • Was isolated from supragingival and subgingival samples from patients with periodontitis

TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped spirochete with a structure similar to other species in the Treponema genus. It is ______ due to its ______ flagella and displays a flexible, ______ shape.

TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM, motile, periplasmic, helical

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: These organisms grow in PY-pectin broth containing either ______ fluid or a ______ mixture, such as the volatile ______.

TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM, rumen, short-chain fatty acid, fatty acid-heme supplement

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • CULTURE: Culturing it requires anaerobic conditions and specialized nutrient-rich media, usually in research rather than clinical settings.

TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM • CULTURE: Identification of T. pectenovorum is typically performed using ______ techniques, especially ______.

molecular, 16S rRNA gene sequencing

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE: The antigenic characteristics of this are not well-defined.

TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM

SPIROCHAETES TREPONEMA ______ • ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE: It is assumed to share common features with other spirochetes, including the presence of LOS and outer membrane proteins.

TREPONEMA PECTINOVORUM

3: STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS SEROTYPES, SPIROCHETE, FUSOBACTERIUM SPECIES Flashcards

(152 cards)