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3. Mondays > 302 Vaccinology > Flashcards

302 Vaccinology Flashcards

1
Q

What was the case of Edward Jenner?

A

He fed cow pox infected milk from a milk maid to ‘vaccinate’ an orphaned boy

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2
Q

How is Diphteria vaccine created?

A

Horses are injected with corynebacterium diphteriae toxin

After a few weeks, the antitoxin is prepared for human use

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of using horse serum for dipheria?

A

The horse proteins induce anti-antibodies in the patient about a week after use and this can cause secondary immune complex disease

Horse antitoxin is more rapidly eliminated than human antitoxin (horse: 5 days, human:20 days)

Repeat administration can cause severe anaphylactic shock

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4
Q

How can live attenuated vaccines produce an immune responce?

A

They are only weakened so they can still replicate

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5
Q

Give examples of live attenuated vaccine

A

BCG, shingles, MMR, nasal spray influenza, rubeola

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6
Q

Give examples of inactivated vaccines

A

Influenza, pertussis, poliomyelitis, typhoid

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7
Q

What is pertussis?

A

Whooping cough

Symptoms:
Runny or stuffed-up nose
Low-grade fever
Mild, occasional cough (babies do not do this)
Apnea and cyanosis in babies and young children

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8
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A

Polio

Symptoms:
It can infect the CNS and cause paralysis
Fever
Fatigue
Vomiting
Stiffness of neck and limbs

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9
Q

What is typhoid?

A

A bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs

Can cause complications and death is not treated quickly with antibiotics

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10
Q

Give examples of recombinant and synthetic vaccines

A

Subunit vaccine (proteins)
Polysaccharide and conjugate
Toxoid
Virus-like article
DNA/RNA

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11
Q

Give examples of subunit vaccines (protein)

A

Hepatitis B, TB (experimental stage)

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12
Q

Give examples of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines

A

HPV

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13
Q

Give examples of subunit/conjugate vaccines

A

HIB (polysaccharide plus protein)

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14
Q

What is HIB?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b

Symptoms:
Fever and chills
Excessive tiredness
Pain in the belly
Nausea with or without vomiting
Diarrhea
Anxiety
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
(confusion)

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15
Q

Give examples of toxoid vaccines

A

Tetanus, Diphteria

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16
Q

Give examples of DNA/RNA vaccines

A

SARS-CoV-2
Cancer

17
Q

What are some additional ingredients in vaccines?

A

Liquids
Buffers
stabilisers
Adjuvants

18
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Substances that increase the immune response

They attract immune cells to the site of infection

19
Q

What are some common passive vaccinations in practice?

A

-Hepatitis B hyperimmune serum (post exposure)
-Tetanus hyperimmune serum (post exposure)
-Rabies hyperimmune serum (post exposure)
-Anti-venoms, anti-toxins etc (post exposure)
-Hepatitis A hyperimmune serum as prophylaxis
-VZV hyperimmune globulin prophylaxis given for babies born to mothers who develop varicella in a 1 week period before or after delivery

20
Q

How is intracellular mRNA stability achieved?

A

A modified nucleotide positioned at 5’ end (cap)
A poly (A) tail adds length
The composition and structure if the 3’ untranslated reGions (3’UTR)

21
Q

What are some advantages of RNA vaccines?

A

No pathogen particles or inactivated pathogen
Non-infectious
Not integrated into host genome (RNA strand is degraded after protein is made)
Reliable immune response
Few side effects
Well tolerated by healthy individuals
Can be produced rapidly
Can be used for effective cancer vaccines

22
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of Diphtheria?

A

85%

23
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of Measles?

A

83-94%

24
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of Mumps?

A

75-86%

25
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of Pertussis?

A

92-94%

26
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of Polio?

A

80-86%

27
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of Rubella?

A

83-85%

28
Q

What % of population needs to vaccine to achieve herd immunity of COVID-19?

A

60-70%

29
Q

What happens in the body during primary infection?

A

Recruitment of B-cells producing antibodies and T-cells over 2 weeks

IgM peak: 8-10 days
IgG peak: 21 days
T-cell peak: 12-15 days

30
Q

What is the difference between T and B-cells?

A

T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity which begins when a pathogen is engulfed by an antigen-presenting cell, in this case, a macrophage

B cells, which mature in the bone marrow, are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

31
Q

What happens in the body during a secondary infection?

A

Quick response

IgG and T-cells peak within 5-10 days or quicker

There may be no symptoms

32
Q

What is the original antigenic sin?

A

the phenomenon in which immunity against pathogens or antigens is shaped by the host’s first exposure to a related pathogen or antigen

Repeated infection causes an existing, ineffective immune response is pushed but no new immune response is made

It lead to severe disease

33
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

A chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles

34
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Complete loss of muscle control

35
Q

Which vaccine caused narcolepsy?

A

Swine flu vaccine

It was attributed to the use of AS03 adjuvant

36
Q

Name some adjuvants used in vaccines?

A

Mineral salts Eg. aluminium hydroxide

Micro-fluidised detergents, emulsions, saponins Eg. MF59, AS03

Toll-like receptor agonists Eg. CpG, flagellin

37
Q

What are saponins?

A

Saponins are naturally occurring compounds that are widely distributed in all cells of legume plants

They derive their name from their ability to form stable, soap-like foams in aqueous solutions

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