Palpate Bladder
You can only palpate the bladder if it is full
Specific Gravity of Urine
Between 1.010 and 1.025, indicator of urine concentrations, use a reagent strip
Accute Renal Failure
An acute rise in the serum creatinine levels of 25% or more. May be caused by inadequate blood flow to the kidney, injury to the kidney glomeruli or tubules, or obstruction to kidney outflow
Anuria
Absense of urine, associated with kidney failure or congestive heart faiulre. Less than 100 mL in 24 hours.
Dysuria
Pain or difficult urination. Infection or obstruction
End-stage Renal disease
A chronic rise in creatinine levels associated with loss of kidney function.
Enuresis
Involuntary loss of urine
Hematuria
Blood in urine
Micturition
To start the stream of urine, to urinate
Nephropathy
Disease of the kidney
Nephrotoxic
A substance that damages the kidney tissue. I.e. Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, NSAIDs (asprin, ibuprophen), lead
Nocturia
Frequent urination after going to bed
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary loss of urine while asleep
Oliguria
Urine output of less than 400 mL in 24 hrs
Pessary
An incontinence device that is inserted into the vagina to reduce organ prolapse or pressure on the bladder
Polyuria
Excessive Urination, excessive hydration, DM, Kidney disease
Proteinuria
protein in the urine. Maybe a sign of infection or kidney disease
Pyuria
Pus in the urine. Caused by lesions or infection of UT
Major Parts of Urinary System
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra
Kidney function
Primary functions: The kidneys filter metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water from the bloodstream and excrete them as urine. The kidneys also help to regulate blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and acid–base balance by selectively reabsorbing water and other substances. Secondary functions: Produce erythropoietin, Secrete the enzyme rennin, Activate vitamin D3(calcitrol)
How is Urine Formed
Urine is formed in the nephrons. The renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys and into the glomeruli. Blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances, and small proteins out of the porous glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule to form a liquid called filtrate. The filtrate moves from Bowman’s capsule into the tubular network of the nephrons, where 99% of the fluid is reabsorbed. About 1% of filtrate returns, as urine, to the collecting tubule, which transports it into the ureters.
What quantity of urine in the bladder will stimulate the urge to void?
Approximately 200 to 450 mL of urine in adults
Determine hydration
Methods for determining whether hydration is adequate and urination is normal include the following: The person voids 1,500 mL in a 24-hour period in five to six voids. An infant has 8 to 10 wet diapers per day. For most adults, pale to clear urine indicates adequate hydration.
What types of medications are associated with urinary retention?
Medications with anticholinergic effects may lead to urinary retention.
Kidneys produce how much urine per hour
60 mL / hour
Stress Incontinence
involuntary loss of urine with increased intr-abdominal pressure (sneeze, cough)
Transient Incontinence
Short-term incontinence that is expected to resolve immediiately
Overflow incontinence
Loss of urine when bladder becomes distended; fecal impaction, enlarged prostate, Neuro conditions
Urge Incontinence
involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong urge to void
Cystitis
infection of the bladder
Renal Calculi
Kidney stones - hematuria
Urine output for baby
15 to 60 mL /kg/day Normal 8 lb baby = 180 mL