3.1 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What was Tudor society based upon?
A
Based on a hierarchy, each person had their place/rank and were expected to be obedient to those who were their social superiors.
2
Q
Who was at the top of the Tudor social hierarchy?
A
God, followed by the monarch chosen by God.
3
Q
What did Tudor monarchs lack?
A
No standing army or police force.
4
Q
How did Tudor monarchs combat their lack of military power?
A
They relied on the nobility and gentry to rule the country and carry out roles in local government.
5
Q
Who was responsible for dealing with local disorder in Tudor society?
A
Local nobility/gentry.
6
Q
How much did the Tudor population grow from the early 16th century to 1600?
A
Grew from 2 million to over 4 million.
7
Q
What were the different groups within Tudor society’s hierarchy?
A
God, the monarch, the nobility, the gentry, yeomen and artisans, peasants, vagrants, and beggars.
8
Q
What was the role of the nobility in Tudor society?
A
Helped the King govern and held the highest titles below the King.
9
Q
How many men held noble titles in Tudor society?
A
40-60 men.
10
Q
What percentage of land did the nobility hold?
A
10% of all land.
11
Q
How many gentry families were there in Tudor society?
A
Approximately 5,000 gentry families.
12
Q
What was the role of yeomen and artisans in Tudor society?
A
Emerging groups, prosperous farmers, involved in the wool trade.
13
Q
What was the status of vagrants and beggars in Tudor society?
A
Most vulnerable to social and economic changes, living on the margins of subsistence.
14
Q
Why was the Tudor monarchy described as personal?
A
The monarch was able to make decisions and ideally would seek advice.
15
Q
What complex system had developed by 1485?
A
A complex system of government including informal bodies like the Royal Court and Privy Chamber.
16
Q
What was the Royal Court?
A
Served the monarch and was important for display and appearance.
17
Q
Why was the Royal Court important?
A
It emphasized power and wealth to important visitors through elaborate displays.
18
Q
What was the Royal Household?
A
Served the monarch and their family, responsible for the ruler’s domestic needs.
19
Q
What was the role of the Royal Household?
A
Responsible for the ruler’s domestic needs, employing hundreds in various roles.
20
Q
What were the Eltham Ordinances?
A
A reform issued by Wolsey in 1526 to reduce the King’s Council and household size.
21
Q
What was the Privy Chamber?
A
Served by the household, structured to control access to the monarch.
22
Q
What was the role of the Privy Chamber?
A
Ensured the monarch had privacy and controlled access.
23
Q
How did Henry VII use the Privy Chamber?
A
Grew in political importance, created Yeomen of the Guard for protection.
24
Q
How did Henry VIII use the Privy Chamber?
A
An important political hub with staff known as the ‘Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber’.
25
How did Edward VI use the Privy Chamber?
Filled with supporters of the King's protectors, Seymour and Dudley.
26
How did Mary I use the Privy Chamber?
Had to include female attendants, some of whom had influence.
27
How did Elizabeth I use the Privy Chamber?
Declined in political importance, relied on formal council for decisions.
28
What is patronage?
Distribution of land, offices, or favours through direct access to the monarch.
29
What is a dry stamp?
An embossed stamp of the King's signature, granting power over government aspects.
30
What was a faction?
An informal group at court with similar aims, seeking to influence the monarch.
31
What was the Royal Council?
A formal body advising the monarch, chosen by the monarch.
32
What was the role of the Royal Council?
Helped with the day-to-day running of the country and acted as a judicial court.
33
What was the Royal Council like under Henry VII?
A larger, more informal body.
34
How many men attended Council meetings under Henry VII?
Over 200 men.
35
Who made up Henry VII's council?
A mixture of nobility, Churchmen, royal officials, and lawyers.
36
Why was it important that Henry VII included men from Yorkist predecessors?
They helped him establish and secure his position on the throne.
37
What did the Council help gather for Henry VII?
Information about popular opinion and advice on policies.
38
What were the 'Great Councils'?
Special gatherings of nobility and councillors for consultation on war/taxation.
39
How many Great Councils were held between 1487 and 1502?
5.
40
What was Henry VIII's council like when he first became King?
Made up of experienced administrators from Henry VII's reign.
41
Why did Henry VIII want to change the members of his Council?
To support his desire for military engagement.
42
Who rose to power at the beginning of Henry VIII's reign?
Thomas Wolsey.
43
How did Wolsey change the council?
Became chief minister, responsible for day-to-day running of government.
44
What was the Royal Council's name changed to in 1540?
The 'Privy Council'.
45
Why was there a need to restructure Henry VIII's government after Cromwell's fall?
To continue functioning without Cromwell's influence.
46
How did the Privy Council turn itself into a 'chief minister'?
Became collectively responsible for much of the work previously done by individuals.
47
What were the main changes made to the Privy Council after 1540?
Membership reduced, became a smaller and more permanent group.
48
What new powers did the Privy Council gain in 1540?
Could issue collective proclamations and had its own seal.
49
What was a 'seal'?
A wax seal that made Tudor documents official.
50
When did the role of Secretary first become politically important?
In the 1530s.
51
What did the role of Secretary mean?
Close personal access to the monarch and control of the seal.
52
How did Cromwell use the position of Secretary?
To control Council meetings and access correspondence.
53
What happened to the post of Secretary in 1540?
Declined in political importance, split between two men.
54
When did the post of Secretary regain importance?
During Elizabeth's reign.
55
Who were three key individuals that became secretary under Elizabeth?
William Cecil, Francis Walsingham, Robert Cecil.
56
How did the role of Secretary become permanently important under Elizabeth?
Used to enhance power and conduct daily running of government.
57
58
59
What was the role of Secretary in 1586?
Possessed responsibility for the death warrant of Queen Mary, needed Elizabeth's signature but faced council bypass.
## Footnote
William Davinson was tried, imprisoned, and fined for this responsibility.
60
Who carried out local government before the 16th century?
Nobility and gentry, increasingly run by the 'middling-sort'.
61
What jobs did local government carry out pre-16th century?
* Presiding over legal cases as Justices of the Peace
* Collection of taxation
* Responsible for law and upholding the Kingdom
* Manipulated to benefit own families.
62
Why did the role of Lord Lieutenant develop?
To solve the abuse of power and improve recruitment for royal armies.
63
Why did Henry VIII need to change the system to include the Lord Lieutenant?
Response to demands of foreign war and threat of domestic rebellion.
64
How did the role of Lord Lieutenant change under Mary I?
Formalised the system in response to war demands with France.
65
Why did the role of Lord Lieutenant become permanent under Elizabeth?
In response to the development of war with Spain.
66
What were the roles and powers of Lord Lieutenants under Elizabeth's reign?
* Organisation of the war effort
* Organised men to fight, ensuring training, arms, and discipline
* Harnessed authority of powerful county men.
67
What powers had Parliament gained by the start of the Tudor period?
* Sole right to grant taxation
* Sole right to pass laws.
68
Why did a monarch need Parliament?
To summon Parliament for taxation to supplement income for war.
69
Who had more power, Parliament or the monarch?
Monarchs retained veto power over laws and could summon Parliament at will.
70
What were the two chambers of Parliament?
* House of Lords (unelected, hereditary)
* House of Commons (elected).
71
How were MPs elected?
In most cases, uncontested elections; 2 MPs elected for each county.
72
Who could vote at this time?
Restricted to property owners, often influenced by nobility.
73
Who did Parliament tend to represent?
Interests of the landed gentry and nobility.
74
How was an Act of Parliament passed?
Heard in both Houses and given royal assent by the monarch.
75
Who became more powerful in Parliament as the century progressed?
The Commons.
76
What did Henry VII use Parliament for?
Needed grants of taxation for war.
77
How many times did Henry VII call Parliament in his reign?
7 times over 24 years.
78
What happened in the Parliament of 1504?
Henry accepted a smaller sum in taxation due to opposition.
79
What is an Act of Attainder?
Allowed the King to declare someone guilty without trial, forfeiting their property.
80
How many times did Parliament meet between 1509 and 1529?
4 times: 1510, 1512-14, 1515, 1523.
81
What was Parliament's main role in Henry VIII's reign?
Grant taxation to fund wars.
82
What was the situation between Henry VIII and Parliament by 1517?
Burden of taxation grew, making Parliament less willing to grant money.
83
In 1523, how much did taxation and unpaid loans equal?
£288,814 in taxation and £260,000 in unpaid loans.
84
Why did relations between the King and the Church become less harmonious by 1529?
Henry attempted to use Parliament for annulment from Catherine.
85
What was the role of the Catholic Church like pre-1529?
Enormously powerful, wealthy, with a complex structure.
86
What is the definition of 'purgatory'?
Intermediate place between heaven and hell.
87
What is the definition of 'humanist'?
Critics of superstition, wealth, and corruption; sought reform from within the Church.
88
What is the definition of 'indulgences'?
Documents bought from the Church offering forgiveness of sins.
89
What is anti-clericalism?
Antagonism towards the Church for being corrupt and exploitative.
90
What was the relationship between the monarch and the Church pre-1529?
Often harmonious but could become rivals.
91
What is the definition of 'Sanctuary'?
Protection from arrest for anyone who committed a crime.
92
What is the definition of 'Benefit of the clergy'?
Clerical criminals tried in Church Court, resulting in less harsh punishment.
93
Why did Henry VII need the Church's support?
To legitimize his rule and maintain traditional privileges.
94
What was Henry VIII's relationship with the Church in the first 20 years?
Generally good, with some anticlerical flashpoints.
95
What did Henry VIII publish?
'The Defence of the Seven Sacraments'.
96
How did Henry VIII's relationship with the Church help Thomas Wolsey?
Secured top-level positions and promoted Wolsey within the Church.
97
When did Wolsey's loyalties become divided?
When Henry sought an annulment from Catherine.
98
What is the definition of 'annulment'?
Recognition that a marriage was never valid in law.
99
Why was Henry VIII unable to get an annulment from Catherine?
The Pope was under the influence of Catherine's nephew.
100
Who found a solution to Henry VIII's annulment problem?
Thomas Cromwell.
101
Why was Parliament called in 1529?
To pressure the papacy for an annulment.
102
What is the definition of 'Annates'?
Payments churchmen made to the Pope when appointed.
103
What is the definition of 'Convocation'?
The Church's version of Parliament.
104
What happened in 1532 regarding Cromwell and the Church?
Forced clergy to submit to Henry's authority.
105
What happened in 1533 that sped up the break with Rome?
Henry married Anne Boleyn due to her pregnancy.
106
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
Stopped legal appeals in Church court cases from going to Rome.
107
What is the definition of 'Statute Law'?
Written law passed by Parliament.
108
What was the 1534 Act of Supremacy?
Confirmed Henry as the head of the Church.
109
Why was the 1534 Act of Supremacy significant?
Increased power for the monarchy and Parliament.
110
What was the 1534 Act of Succession?
Declared Henry's marriage to Catherine invalid and recognised Anne's children as heirs.
111
What was the significance of the 1534 Act of Supremacy?
Reinforced royal control over the English Church.
112
What position did Henry give Cromwell?
Vicegerent of Spirituals.
113
What was the Act of 10 Articles?
Defined the doctrine of the new English Church.
114
What were the two injunctions that Cromwell issued?
* 1536: Discouraged superstitious practices
* 1538: Further reforms.
115
What was the Act of 6 Articles?
Reinforced Catholic doctrines.
116
What was the King's Book?
Published in 1543, emphasised traditional practices.
117
What was the Act of Uniformity?
Introduced the new Common Book of Prayer in 1549.
118
When did Cranmer publish a second Prayer Book?
1552.
119
What ideology did both Prayer Books promote?
Moved further from transubstantiation.
120
What did the 1552 42 Articles pave the way for?
39 articles under Elizabeth.
121
What did Mary try to do regarding Henry's religious changes?
Attempted to restore the English Church to Rome.
122
What problems did Mary encounter in her attempts?
Unable to demand the return of former monastic lands.
123
What impact did Mary have on Church-State relations?
Compromise agreement but no lasting impact.
124
What was Elizabeth's dilemma regarding the Church upon becoming queen?
Balance between Protestant identity and potential Catholic invasion.
125
How was Elizabeth's religious policy described?
The middle way.
126
What was the 1559 Act of Supremacy?
Elizabeth made 'Supreme governor' of the Church.
127
How did the title of 'Supreme Head' appease people?
Appealed to both Catholics and those wary of a female head.
128
What was the Bill of Uniformity?
Reimposed the more radical 1552 Prayer Book.
129
How narrowly was the Bill of Uniformity passed in the Lords?
21 to 18.
130
How many clergy refused Elizabeth's Oath of Supremacy?
300 out of 8,000.
131
Did the Bills of Supremacy/Uniformity last during Elizabeth's reign?
Yes, formed the Elizabethan Church of England.
132
What were examples of Puritan challenge to Elizabeth?
Radical clergy refused to conform to vestment rules.
133
How were Puritan attitudes to dress addressed?
Issued 'Book of Advertisements' in 1566, leading to clergy resignations.
134
What was the result of Grindall's sympathy towards Puritan practices?
Suspended and placed under house arrest.
135
What did Puritans become to reverse the Act of Supremacy?
Became MPs to pass bills for changes.
136
What was the Act against Seditious Sectaries and when was it enacted?
1593, ordered those refusing to attend CofE masses to leave the country.
137
Which article of the 39 Articles faced protest?
Article 29.
138
What were some of the parliamentary concerns during Elizabeth's reign?
Misuse of monopolies and taxation.
139
What was the Act against Seditious Sectaries and when was it enacted?
1593, ordered anyone who refused to attend CofE masses to leave the country
## Footnote
This act was aimed at maintaining religious conformity in England.
140
Which article of the 39 Articles faced protest?
Article 29, denied the real presence of Christ in the communion
## Footnote
This led to intervention by Elizabeth I, resulting in only 38 Articles being passed.
141
What were some of the parliamentary concerns during Elizabeth I's reign?
Queen and her officials' misuse of monopolies and taxation due to ongoing war
## Footnote
These concerns reflected the tension between the monarchy and Parliament.
142
What was the King-in-Parliament and when did it occur?
1530s, it was the most powerful institution = King and Parliament together
## Footnote
This concept emphasized the collaborative power of the monarchy and Parliament.
143
What did Wolsey's Parliament do in 1523?
Allowed the freedom to restrict the amount of taxation that Wolsey was granted
## Footnote
This was a significant step in parliamentary power over financial matters.
144
How many MPs were in the Commons in 1512, 1559, and 1586?
1512 - 302, 1559 - 402, 1586 - 462
## Footnote
The increase in MPs reflected the growth and importance of parliamentary representation.
145
When were Parliament more assertive and why?
1563 and 66, to raise concerns regarding marriage to Elizabeth
## Footnote
These assertive moments highlighted the role of Parliament in influencing royal decisions.
146
When did Elizabeth I restrict Parliament's freedom of speech?
1566 and 76
## Footnote
This restriction was part of her efforts to maintain control over parliamentary discussions.
147
When did Parliament try to limit the amount of taxation granted?
1504 and 1523
## Footnote
These attempts were crucial in asserting parliamentary authority over financial matters.
148
Why was there strain on the relationship between Elizabeth I and Parliament?
War with Spain, from 1585
## Footnote
The financial demands of the war created friction between the monarchy and Parliament.
149
Which monopolies came under criticism and what was the consequence?
Monopolies of Walter Raleigh in tin, playing cards, and licensing of taverns
## Footnote
Complaints about these monopolies led to tensions with Parliament and public resentment.
150
What did MPs want to introduce to tackle monopolies?
A Parliamentary Bill, but were persuaded to petition instead
## Footnote
This approach was intended to avoid direct challenges to the queen's prerogative.
151
What did the monopolies issue amount to in 1601?
A mob burst into Parliament begging MPs to address abuses of monopolists
## Footnote
This incident underscored the public's frustration with monopolistic practices.
152
How did Elizabeth I respond to the 1601 mob?
Spoke to a delegation of 140 MPs and gave her 'golden speech'
## Footnote
She acknowledged errors but upheld her prerogative rights, showcasing her political acumen.
153
What did Thomas More request in 1523 and what was the consequence?
Requested that Henry VIII allow MPs to speak freely; H agreed
## Footnote
This resulted in Parliament being allowed to restrict the amount of taxation that Wolsey was granted.
154
What was the concept of by-elections and when was it introduced?
Introduced by Cromwell in the 1530s, allowed manipulation of elections
## Footnote
This concept facilitated control over parliamentary representation.
155
What revolt did Mary I face in 1555?
Faced revolt by MPs who refused to accept a bill confiscating lands of exiles
## Footnote
This highlighted the opposition to her policies and the role of Parliament in governance.
156
What did the MP Wentworth speak on in Parliament in 1576?
Attacked Elizabeth's attempts to control discussion in the Commons
## Footnote
His actions led to embarrassment for Parliament and resulted in his imprisonment.
157
What was the royal prerogative?
Customary rights and privileges of the Tudor monarch
## Footnote
Included rights like choosing whom to marry and claiming increased financial exactions.
158
What is a parliamentary Bill?
Introduced in the Lords or Commons, if agreed by both houses, becomes an Act of Parliament
## Footnote
This process is essential for law-making in the parliamentary system.
159
What is a petition?
A document addressed to the monarch, complaining about a particular issue
## Footnote
Petitions were a means for Parliament to bring attention to grievances.
160
What is the sovereignty of statute law?
Law passed by Parliament could only be changed by a future Parliament
## Footnote
This principle established Parliament's exclusive authority to legislate.
161
What is Parliamentary Privilege?
MPs couldn't be arrested for debt or prosecuted in lesser law courts
## Footnote
However, they couldn't discuss proceedings outside of court, protecting legislative freedom.
