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Nsci > 37-Sleep > Flashcards

37-Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

defining criteria of sleep (x4)

A
  • reduced motor activity
  • reduced response to stimulation
  • stereotypic postures (lying down in humans)
  • relatively easy reversibility (as opposed to coma)
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2
Q

possible purposes of sleep (x4)

A
  • glycogen replacement
  • restorative (heart rate, respiration, body temp, O2 use)
  • neural development
  • learning? (possibly confounded by effects of stress on learning)
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3
Q

inherent circadian rhythm period in humans

A

about 25 hours

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4
Q

Stages of sleep primarily determined with ___

A

EEG

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5
Q

SWS

A

slow wave sleep

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6
Q

In SWS, ___ waves are dominant in EEG

A

delta (high amplitude, 0.5-4 Hz)

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7
Q

First few hours of sleep dominated by ___

A

slow wave sleep

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8
Q

Later few hours of sleep show increased ___

A

REM sleep

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9
Q

Fast EEG is [more/less] in REM over SWS

A

more

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10
Q

Muscle activity is [more/less] in REM over SWS

A

more

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11
Q

Dreaming is [more/less] in REM over SWS

A

more

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12
Q

Eye movements are [more/less] in REM over SWS

A

more

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13
Q

Brain metabolism is [more/less] in REM over SWS

A

more

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14
Q

Delta (and other sleep) waves result from changes in ___

A

activity of thalamocortical neurons

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15
Q

Thalamic neurons are [depolarized/hyperpolarized] during wakefullness

A

depolarized, for sensory transmission

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16
Q

Thalamic neurons are [depolarized/hyperpolarized] during sleep

A

hyperpolarized, to filter input

17
Q

Mechanism of slow oscillations seen in SWS

A
  1. most thalamic neurons hyperpolarized so that external stimuli do not reach cortex
  2. hyperpolarization triggers depolarizing currents
  3. activation of I_h Na+ channels and action potentials in thalamic neurons
  4. synchronous PSPs and action potentials in cortical neurons
  5. GABA neurons in reticular nucleus of thalamus activation
  6. release of GABA causes re-hyperpolarization in thalamus, cycling
18
Q

melatonin [incr./decr.] SWS duration by ___

A

increases duration b/c reticular nucleus neurons express melatonin receptors, so melatonin induces bursts of firing that inhibits thalamus and prolongs SWS duration, and possibly helps trigger SWS

19
Q

REM-on neurons are located in ___

A

pontine reticular formation (aka pontine tegmentum?)

20
Q

REM-on neurons release ___ onto ___ neurons, causing [hyperpolarization/depolarization]

A

Ach, thalamic, depolarization

21
Q

Areas that change in activity during dreaming

A
  • limbic system active (emotion)
  • prefrontal cortex decreased (reduced inhibition of ‘social innapropriate though’?
  • decreased working memory (forgeting dreams)
22
Q

To reduce movement, REM-on neurons send [excitatory/inhibitory] projects to neurons in ___

A

excitatory, lower brainstem

23
Q

Mechanism of reduced movement during sleep

A

REM-on pontinue reticular neurons send excitatory projects to neurons in lower brainstem
-> These project to motor neurons, where they release inhibitory GABA or glycine
-> This produces ‘active paralysis’

24
Q

Lesioning ___ causes animals to appear to act out dreams

A

pontine reticular formation

25
Q

catalepsy

A

sudden paralysis

26
Q

REM-off neurons located in ___ and ___ (?)

A

raphe nuclei and locus ceruleus

27
Q

Mechanism of exiting REM sleep

A

REM-off neurons project from raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus to REM-on neurons in pontine reticular formation
-> 5-HT and NE inhibit REM-on cells
-> REM is turned off

28
Q

Arousal involves which systems (x4)

A
  • midbrain reticular formation
  • posterior hypothalamic neurons
  • nucleus basalis
  • locus ceruleus
29
Q

Characteristics of narcolepsy (x5)

A
  • sudden sleep attacks, often during emotion
  • loss of muscle tone
  • hallucinations
  • abnormal sleep/wake cycles
  • relation to hypocretin/orexin
30
Q

Hypocretin neurons are [incr./decr.] in humans with narcolepsy

A

decr.

31
Q

HCRT

A

hypocretin

32
Q

Loss of HCRT neurons reduces activation of ___ and __, causing sleepiness

A

nucleus basalis of Meynert, locus ceruleus

33
Q

Loss of HCRT neurons reduces activation of ___, causing disturbed circadian sleep rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus

34
Q

Is narcolepsy an autoimmune disease+

A

probably

Nsci (18 decks)

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