Flashcards in 4. Acute inflammation Deck (54)
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1
What are the causes of acute inflammation?
- tissue death (ischaemia, trauma, toxins, chemical insults, thermal injury, radiation)
- infection (especially bacterial, pyogenic)
2
Define pyogenic
Pus forming
3
Define suppuration
The formation of pus
4
What is pus?
An accumulation of acute inflammatory cells, dead cells, bacteria etc.
5
What comes after acute inflammation?
Either
- healing by regeneration
- healing by repair
or
- chronic inflammation
6
When does healing by regeneration occur?
After acute inflammation, when the cells can regrow
7
When does healing by repair occur?
After acute inflammation, when the cells canon regrow
8
When does chronic inflammation occur following acute inflammation?
After acute inflammation, when the damaging agent persists
9
What are the purposes of acute inflammation?
- clear away dead tissues
- locally protect from infection
- allow access of immune system components
10
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- calor (=heat)
- rubor (=redness)
- dolor (=pain)
- tumor (=swelling)
11
In addition to the main 4 cardinal signs of inflammation, what is the extra one?
Disturbance of function
12
Why does rubor (redness) and calor (heat) occur in inflammation?
Due to vascular dilation
13
Why does swelling occur in inflammation?
Due to inflammatory exudate into surrounding tissues
14
Acute inflammation will look different in different organs. Name 4 different types of acute inflammation.
- serous
- fibrinous
- purulent
- pseudomembranous
15
What occurs in serous inflammation?
Fluid accumulates in cavity
16
What occurs in fibrinous inflammation?
Precipitation of fibrin
17
What occurs in purulent inflammation?
Formation of pus
This is very common
18
What are 3 components of the acute inflammatory reaction?
1. vascular reaction
2. exudative reaction
3. cellular reaction
19
What is the vascular reaction? (a stage of acute inflammatory response)
Dilatation of blood vessels (=rubor), changes in flow
20
What is the exudative reaction? (a stage of acute inflammatory response)
Vessels become leaky, formation of inflammatory exudate (=tumor)
21
What is the cellular reaction? (a stage of acute inflammatory response)
Migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels
22
Define pyrexia
High temperature due to inflammation
23
How can the severity of acute inflammatory response in a patient be quantified?
- pyrexia
- acute phase reaction
24
Give an example of a protein that is measured in acute phase reaction?
C-reactive protein
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
25
What is the acute phase reaction?
Systemic and metabolic changes that occur within hours of an inflammatory stimulus. - acute phase proteins.
26
Describe the vascular reaction?
Microvascular dilation causes an increase in flow and then flow eventually deceases as the vessels become leaky
27
What causes increased permeability of vessels?
Mediated =
histamine
bradykinin
NO
leukotriene B4
complement components
Non-mediated =
direct damage to endothelium eg. toxins, physical agents
28
How can we interfere with increased vascular permeability?
Drugs can affect the mediators which cause mediated increased permeability
29
What happens in a capillary if there is a greater hydrostatic pressure?
Fluid is pushed out of the capillaries
30
