4: Microbiology Flashcards

(53 cards)

1
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Infectious inflammation of the conjunctiva

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2
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Infectious inflammation of the cornea

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3
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Infectious inflammation of the entire eye

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4
Q

What is chorioretinitis?

A

Inflammation of the choroid and retina (back of the eye)

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5
Q

What is dacrocystitis?

A

Infectious inflammation of the lacrimal SAC

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6
Q

Which microbes cause conjunctivits?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

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7
Q

How can you tell the difference between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial - loads of pus

Viral - watery

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Red eye

Itchy, gritty, watery eye

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9
Q

All neonates with conjunctivitis should be referred to who?

A

Ophthalmology

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10
Q

Which bacteria can cause conjunctivitis?

A

Staph aureus

Strep pneumoniae

H. influenzae (especially in children)

Chlamydia trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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11
Q

Which bacteria causes bacterial conjunctivitis especially in children?

A

H. influenzae

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12
Q

Which STI can cause bacterial conjunctivits which is chronic, unresponsive to previous treatment and accompanied by urethritis or vaginitis?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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13
Q

What must you do if you diagnose chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Alert people the patient has been in contact with

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14
Q

What are some additional features of chlamydial conjunctivitis compared to normal bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Follicles under eyelid - “rice grain pattern”

Subtarsal scarring if left untreated

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15
Q

How is bacterial conjunctivitis investigated?

A

Swab

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16
Q

How is bacterial conjunctivitis treated?

A

Topical antibiotics

Chloramphenicol drops (4x a day)

Oxytetracycline (for chlamydia)

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17
Q

Which viruses can cause conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

Herpes simplex virus

Herpes zoster virus

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18
Q

What is the difference between bacterial and viral conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial - pus

Viral - watery

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19
Q

What may you see along conjunctivitis in someone with herpes simplex infection?

A

Cold sores

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20
Q

Which virus reactivates in elderly people and can cause a painful rash in the dermatomes for CN V?

A

Herpes zoster virus

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21
Q

What is the technical name for shingles affecting the forehead and eye area?

A

Ophthalmic zoster

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22
Q

How is viral conjunctivitis investigated?

23
Q

How is ophthalmic zoster treated?

A

Oral antivirals

Aciclovir

(add on antibiotics if at risk of secondary infection)

24
Q

What can ophthalmic zoster cause if untreated?

A

Vision loss

Post-herpetic neuralgia

25
Which microbes can cause a **keratitis**?
**Bacteria** **Viruses** **Fungi**
26
What does a **bacterial keratitis** look like?
**Red eye** **Hypopyon**
27
What is a **hypopyon**?
**Exudate in anterior chamber** at iridocorneal angle Seen in **bacterial keratitis**
28
What name is given to a collection of pus in the anterior chamber as seen in bacterial keratitis?
**Hypopyon**
29
Which Gram negative bacillus is a common cause of keratitis in people who wear contact lenses?
***Pseudomonas***
30
How is **bacterial keratitis** treated?
**Topical antibiotics** HOURLY chloramphenicol drops ofloxacin
31
How would you treat *Pseudomonas* conjunctivitis?
**Gentamicin**
32
What is a pathognomic sign of **viral keratitis** due to herpes infection?
**Dendritic ulcer** White ulcer with loads of projections
33
**Viral keratitis** is very ___ for the patient.
**painful**
34
What is seen in the cornea in **viral keratitis** caused by **adenovirus**?
**Subepithelial infiltrates** Little white specks
35
Adenovirus keratitis is usually **(unilateral / bilateral)**.
**bilateral**
36
What are the classic features of a) herpes b) adenovirus keratitis?
**a) Dendritic ulcer** **b) Subepithelial infiltrates**
37
How is **viral keratitis** treated?
**Topical antivirals** e.g aciclovir (add on topical antibiotics to prevent secondary infection)
38
What should you suspect in a patient with **red eye** with a **hypopyon** and a history of farming / trauma from vegetation?
**Fungal keratitis​**
39
What should you suspect in a patient with a **fever,** **painful eye movements and massive orbital swelling**?
**Orbital cellulitis**
40
What is abnormal protrusion of the eye called?
**Proptosis**
41
How is orbital cellulitis investigated?
**CT head** For abscesses
42
How is orbital cellulitis treated?
**Broad spectrum antibiotics** ofloxacin, gentamin, cephalosporins...
43
What is a **"devastating", painful** infection of the whole eye which is commonly caused by surgery?
**Endophthlamitis**
44
**Endophthalmitis** is commonly caused by **commensal organisms**. What is an example? How do they get into the eye?
***Staph epidermidis*** During surgery
45
How is endophthalmitis investigated?
**Aqueous / vitreous fluid sample** seeing as it affects the whole eye
46
How is **endophthalmitis** treated?
**Intravitreal antibiotics** Injected directly into the eye - **amikacin, cephalosporins, vancomycin**
47
What commonly causes **chorioretinitis** - infective inflammation of the retina?
**Parasites** **Cytomegalovirus** in AIDS patients
48
What does the retina look like on fundoscopy of someone with **chorioretinitis**?
**Pizza**
49
What can be seen in the retina of someone with **chorioretinitis**?
**Pizza** **Parasites** **Scar tissue**
50
How is **parasite infection** of the eye investigated?
**Serology** (antibodies)
51
What investigations would you do for a) orbital cellulitis b) conjunctivitis c) keratitis d) endophthalmitis e) parasitic chorioretinitis?
**a) CT head** **b) Swab** **c) Corneal scrapes** **d) Aqueous or vitreous fluid sample** **e) Serology**
52
How would you treat a) uncomplicated bacterial conjunctivitis b) chlamydial conjunctivitis c) *Pseudomonas* conjunctivitis?
**a) Chloramphenicol drops** **b) Oxytetracycline drops** **c) Gentamicin drops**
53
How would you treat a) viral conjunctivitis b) viral keratitis c) orbital cellulitis d) fungal keratitis e) endophthalmitis?
**a) Topical antivirals** (plus prophylactic antibiotics) **b) ""** **c) Broad spectrum antibiotics** (ofloxacin, gentamicin, cephs) **d) Topical antifungals** **e) Intravitreal antibiotics** (amikacin, cephs, vancomycin...)