4.1.1 Structure Vertebrate Nervous System 2

Question 1

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal-cord, called the ____ ____ ____.

Answer 1

dorsal root ganglia

Question 2

The H-shaped ____ ____ in the centre of the spinal cord is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.

Answer 2

gray matter

Question 3

Many neurons of the spinal-cord send exons from the grey matter to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord through the ____ ____, which consists mostly of myelinated axons.

Answer 3

white matter

Question 4

The ____ ____ ____ consists of neurons that receive information from and send commands to the heart, intestines, and other organs.

Answer 4

autonomic nervous system

Question 5

The autonomic nervous system has two parts: the ____ and ____ nervous systems.

Answer 5

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

The ____ ____ ____, a network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigourous activity, consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal-cords central regions.

Answer 6

sympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Sympathetic axons prepare the organs for “____ or ____” – increasing breathing and heart rate and decreasing digestive activity.

Answer 7

fight or flight

Question 8

The ____ ____ ____ facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses.

Answer 8

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 9

The term para means “beside” or “related to”, and ____ activities are related to, and generally the opposite of the sympathetic activities.

Answer 9

parasympathetic

Question 10

The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the ____ system because it consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal-cord.

Answer 10

craniosacral

Question 11

Long ____ axons extend from the spinal-cord to parasympathetic ganglia close to each internal organ. Shorter ____ fibres then extend from the parasympathetic ganglia into the organs themselves.

Answer 11

preganglionic : postganglionic

Question 12

Parasympathetic activity decreases heartrate, increases digestive rate, and in general, ____ ____.

Answer 12

conserves energy

Question 13

The parasympathetic nervous systems postganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter ____. Most of the postganglionic synapses of the sympathetic nervous system use ____.

Answer 13

acetylcholine : norepinephrine

Question 14

Because the two systems, the PNS and the SNS, ues different transmitters, certain drugs ____ or ____ one system or the other.

Answer 14

excite or inhibit

Question 15

The brain has three major divisions: ____, the ____, and the ____.

Answer 15

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 16

The hindbrain, the posterior part of the brain, consists of the ____, the ____, and the ____.

Answer 16

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 17

The medulla and pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain constitute the ____.

Answer 17

brainstem

Question 18

The ____, or medulla oblongata, is just above the spinal-cord and can be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal-cord into the skull.

Answer 18

medulla

Question 19

The medulla controls vital reflexes – including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing – through the ____ ____, which control sensations from the head, muscle movements, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs.

Answer 19

cranial nerves

Question 20

Just as the lower parts of the body are connected to the spinal-cord by sensory and motor nerves, the receptors and muscles of the head and organs connect to the brain by ____ pairs of cranial nerves.

Answer 20

12. One of each pair on the right side and one on the left.

Question 21

The ____ lies anterior and ventral to the medulla.

Answer 21

pons

Question 22

In the pons, axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal-cord so that the left hemisphere controls muscles on the ____ side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the ____ side.

Answer 22

right : left

Question 23

Then the door and ponds also contains the ____ ____ and the raphe system.

Answer 23

reticular formation

Question 24

The reticular formation has ____ and ____ portions. The descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal-cord. The ascended portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex, selectively increasing arousal and attention in one area or another.

Answer 24

descended and ascending

Question 25

The ____ ____ also sends axons too much of the forebrain, modifying the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli.

Answer 25

raphe system

Question 26

The ____ is a large hindbrain structure with many deep folds. It is long been known for its contribution to the control of movement.

Answer 26

cerebellum

Question 27

The ____ is in the middle of the brain, although in adult mammals it is dwarfed and surrounded by the forebrain.

Answer 27

midbrain

Question 28

The roof of the midbrain is called the ____.

Answer 28

Tectum

Question 29

The swelling is on each side of the tectum are the superior ____ and the inferior ____. Both are important for sensory processing – the inferior ____ for hearing and the superior ____ for vision.

Answer 29

colliculus

Question 30

Under the tectum lies the ____, the intermediate level of the midbrain.

Answer 30

tegmentum

Question 31

The tegmentum includes the nuclei for the ____ and ____ ____ nerves, parts of the reticular formation, and extensions of the pathways between the forebrain and the spinal-cord or hindbrain.

Answer 31

third and fourth cranial nerves

Question 32

Another mid brain structure, the ____ ____, gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

Answer 32

substantia nigra