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SAJID OCR A-Level Physics > 4.5 Quantum Physics > Flashcards

4.5 Quantum Physics Flashcards

1
Q

what is a quantum?

A

it is a small discrete unit/packet of energy (plural quanta)

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2
Q

what is a photon?

A

a photon is a quantum of energy associated with electromagnetic radiation

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3
Q

what was Newton’s theory of light (1672)?

A

he believed that light was composed of a stream of tiny corpuscles (particles), moving in straight lines from a light source, he supported this theory with his own laws of motion and showed that both reflection and refraction could be explained in terms of particles either bouncing off a surface or travelling more quickly as they move from a less dense to a more dense medium

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4
Q

what did Max Planck discover in 1901?

A
  • he investigated black body radiation and found a link between energy and frequency of radiation and that energy is emitted in discrete packets of energy (quanta)
  • E is directly proportional to f
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5
Q

what is the photon model?

A

Einstein opened up the idea that light behaves like a particle in 1905 and that light exists in discrete packets of energy. It was de Broglie who proposed that light behaves both like a wave and a particle and as a result quanta of light or other electromagnetic energy became known as photons.

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6
Q

what is the equation used to work out the energy of a single photon?

A

E = hf

or E = hc/λ

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7
Q

what is a key property of photons?

A

as they are exchange particles and have no mass they travel at c, the speed of light, they also have NO CHARGE

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8
Q

define the electronvolt

A

the electronvolt is defined as the kinetic energy gained by an electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt, very small unit of energy

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9
Q

what is 1eV equal to in joules?

A 
E = QV = eV
E = 1.6 x 10^-19C x 1V
1eV = 1.6 x 10^-19J
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10
Q

outline and explain an experiment using LEDs to determine a value for the Planck constant

A
  • the light emitted by LEDs comes in a range of different colours, because the colour or wavelength of the light is related to photon energy we can use different LEDs to determine a value of the Planck constant
  • connect an LED of known wavelength in an electrical circuit with a 6V power supply, a 1kΩ variable resistor, an ammeter and a voltmeter across the LED
  • start off with no current flowing in the circuit, then adjust the variable resistor to increase the p.d until the LED just starts to light up (use a tube block light pollution and increase accuracy)
  • record the threshold voltage (Vo) across the LED and the wavelength of light the LED emits
  • repeat this with at least 5 other LEDS (use different colours to get different wavelengths)
  • plot a graph of v against (1/λ to obtain a straight line graph, the gradient will be equal to hc/e because E = eV and E = hc/λ
  • calculate gradient, times by e and divide by c
  • plancks constant = 6.63 x 10^-34
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11
Q

what improvements can you male to a LED-Planck constant experiment

A

Carry out the experiment in a dark room or place a black tube over the LED to judge when the LED just starts the emit light

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12
Q

what happens if you shine electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency on the surface of a metal?

A

electrons are emitted from its surface, this phenomenon is known as the photoelectric effect and the electrons that are released are called photoelectrons

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13
Q

how does the photoelectric effect happen?

A
  • free electrons on the surface of the metal absorb energy from the light
  • if an electron absorbs enough energy, the bonds holding it to the metal break and its emitted from the surface
  • this is called the photoelectric effect and the electrons emitted are called photoelectrons
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14
Q

What does it mean to increase the intensity of radiation biting a metal surface

A

Increasing the intensity means more photons per second hitting the metal surface. As each photon interacts one-to-one with a single surface electron, as long as the radiation has frequency above the threshold frequency for a metal, more photons per second means a greater rate of photoelectrons emitter from the metal.

The rate of emission of photoelectrons is directly proportional to the inter with of the incident radiation ( providing that the threshold frequency has been achieved).

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15
Q

what is Einstein’s photoelectric equation and what does it mean?

A

hf = Φ + KEmax
where hf = the energy transferred to an electron
Φ = work function
KEmax = maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons

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16
Q

Show a graph of KEmax against incident frequency

Using y = mx + c

A

Show a graph

Also

hf = work function + KEmax

KEmax = hf - work function
Y          = mx + c 
Y = KEmax 
M = h 
X =  f
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17
Q

for an electron to be emitted from the surface of the metal what is necessary?

A

the energy gained from a photon must be greater than the work function of the metal, if it isn’t the metal will heat up but no electrons will be emitted

18
Q

define work function

A

the work function of a metal is the minimum energy required to free an electron from the surface of a metal, overcoming the electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions

19
Q

define threshold frequency

A

threshold frequency is the lowest frequency of radiation that will results in the emission of electrons from a particular metal surface, for most metals this frequency occurs in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum

20
Q

Threshold frequency and work function are properties of

A

The metal surface

They are not prosperities of electrons or photons

21
Q

State and explain the effect of quadrupling the intensity of incident radiation (keeping the frequency constant) on a metal surface emitting photoelectrons.

A

Increased emission
Number of emitted electrons per second would quadruple
Quadrupling the intensity results in four times the number of photons; therefore, four times the number of electrons emitted per second.

22
Q

what is the formula for threshold frequency and where does it come from?

A

since for electrons to be released hf = Φ, the threshold frequency must be f = Φ / h
(since KEmax becomes zero as this is the minimum freq. to provide the minimum amount of energy to just release the electrons from the surface, not to make them move)

23
Q

does the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons depend on the intensity of the radiation?

A

no
the kinetic energy of the electrons is jot affected by the intensity of radiation, because they can only absorb one photon at a time (there is a one-to-one interaction between a photon and a surface electron)

24
Q

How can you increase the maximum value of the kinetic energy of any emitted photoelectrons

A

By increasing the frequency of the radiation. In this case each photon has more energy and so each electron has more kinetic energy after it has been freed from the metal

25
Q

does the kinetic energy depend on the frequency of radiation?

A

yes

the frequency determines the amount of energy supplied by each photon to the photoelectrons

26
Q

what does increasing the intensity do at the same frequency (above the threshold frequency)?

A
  • this increases the rate of emission of photoelectrons, more photoelectrons are released but their KE does not increase
  • rate of emission of photoelectrons above the threshold freq. is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation
27
Q

In 1905 Einstein published an explanation of the effect. Explain this effect

A

He proposed the idea of ER as a stream of photons, rather than continuous waves

He suggested that each electron in the surface of the metal must require a certain amount of energy in order to escape from the metal, and each photon could transfer its exact energy to one surface electron in a one-to-one interaction

and as the energy of the photon is dependent on its frequency (E = hf), if the frequency of photon is too low, the intensity of the light - that is, the number of photons per second - does not matter, as a single photon delivers its energy to a single surface level electron in a one-to-one interaction.

28
Q

Explain why the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted during the photoelectric effect depends on the frequency of the incident radiation

A

Energy transferred to each electron comes from a single photon in a one-to-one interaction.
Energy of each photon depends on its frequency (E = hf)

Greater the frequency, the higher the energy of the photon and so the greater the maximum kinetic energy of the electron

29
Q

what is Φ dependent on?

A

the type of metal

30
Q

outline an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect with a gold-leaf electroscope

A
  • set up a gold-leaf electroscope with a metal plate cap attached at the top of the stem
  • the zinc plate is initially negatively charged
  • when this is done the metal stem and the gold leaf will repeal each other
  • the metal plate is then exposed to ultraviolet light and the photoelectric effect causes free electrons to be ejected
  • this causes the electroscope to loose it’s negative charge (becoming slightly less negative or slightly more positive) meaning the gold leaf is no longer repelled and falls down
  • when using visible light nothing happens as the frequency of visible light isn’t above the threshold frequency, no matter how bright or intense the beam of light is the photoelectric effect doesn’t occur
31
Q

do all the photoelectrons that are emitted have the same kinetic energy?

A

no, the photoelectrons are emitted with a variety of kinetic energies ranging from zero to some maximum value, this value increases with frequency of the radiation, and is unaffected by the intensity of the radiation.

Also it is affected by the relative positions of the photoelectrons with its positive metal ions - the closer it is, the more energy that is required to free them

32
Q

what occurrences show wave properties of light?

A

interference and diffraction, this can only be explained using waves interfering constructively and destructively

33
Q

what occurrences show light behaving as a particle?

A

the photoelectric effect

  • Einstein explained the results by thinking of the beam of light as a series of particle-like photons
  • if a photon of light is a discrete bundle of energy, then it can interact with an electron in a one-to-one way
  • all the energy in the photon is given to one electron
34
Q

what experiment highlights the wave nature of electrons?

A

electron diffraction

35
Q

what pattern does the electron diffraction demonstration produce?

A

a pattern of circular rings

36
Q

how does the electron diffraction experiment work?

A
  • diffraction patterns are observed when accelerated electrons in a vacuum tube interact with the spaces between carbon atoms in the polycrystalline graphite
  • since the graphite atoms are not all lined up in the same direction like in a diffraction grating, this gives a circular pattern instead of the parallel lines seen when light diffracts
37
Q

who came up with the theory of wave-particle duality?

A

de Broglie

37
Q

what was de Broglie’s wave particle duality?

A
  • If wave-like light showed particle properties (photons), particles like electrons should be expected to show wave-like properties.
  • waves can behave both as a wave and a particle and particles can behave as both a particle and a wave
39
Q

what is the formula for the de Broglie equation?

A

λ = h / p
OR
λ = h / mv

where λ = wavelength of particle
p = momentum of particle

40
Q

To see a meaningful diffraction of particle what must we ensure

A

Lander = h/ mv

Not too fast
Very light particle

41
Q

What is v from an electron gun

A

eV = 1/2mv^2

SAJID OCR A-Level Physics (25 decks)

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