4th Year Additions Flashcards by Emma Feechan

sub-types of cataracts

cortical (spoke-like pattern)
nuclear sclerotic (most common - progressive brown/green appearance)
posterior sub-capsular
mature (white)

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what is retrobulbar neuritis?

inflammation that occurs behind the optic nerve head

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presentation of retrobulbar neuritis

vision drops then gradually improves

optic nerve is spared so there is no disc swelling

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what is neuroretinitis?

sub-type of optic neuritis

with inflammation of the retina and optic nerve

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what is seen on fundoscopy in neuroretinitis?

macular start

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where are forniceal injections given?

around the edge

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to what age are children’s eyes developing?

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diagnosis of squints?

corneal reflections
cover test
logMAR test

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causes of squint

hypermetropia
congenital
nerve palsies
orbit problems e.g. blow-out fracture
muscle problems= MG, Daune's, Brown's or fibrosis

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management of squint

correct refractive error
treat ambylopia
surgery

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management of ambylopia

patching or atropine in good eye

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what is a phoria?

latent squint, often symmetrical whereas manifest squint is unilateral

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causes of an absent red reflex?

neuroblastoma
cataract
coloboma

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what is a coloboma?

failure to fuse into a circle, such as iris, choroid, etc. Hole in the eye

cat eye?

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what is ophthalmia neonatorum?

conjunctivitis of the neonate

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presentation of blocked nasolacrimal duct?

presents every2 months with sticky eyes + white uninflamed

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diagnosis of blocked nasolacrimal duct?

fluorescein dye

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management of blocked nasolacrimal duct

most resolve spontaneously

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classification of amblyopia

strabismus
anisometropic
stimulus deprivation
ametropic

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what is anisometropic?

unequal refractive error

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what is stimulus deprivation causes?

congenital cataracts

ptosis

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what is ametropic?

bilateral refractive error (very high prescription)

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what vision does glaucoma affect first?

peripheral vision (tunnel vision)

methods for measuring IOP

non-contact tonometry

2. Goldmann applanation tonometry

what is non-contact tonometry?

involves shooting a puff of air at the cornea and measuring response

what is Goldmann applanation tonometry?

mounted on a slit lamp a device makes contact with the cornea and applies different pressures

neurotransmitter in pupil constriction

ACh

neurotransmitter in pupil dilation

adrenaline

what is a tadpole pupil?

spasm of the iris causes a misshapen pupil, usually temporary

what is tadpole pupil associated with?

migraines

what vascular complications can compress the 3rd cranial nerve?

cavernous sinus thrombosis | posterior communicating artery aneurysm

what does a 3rd nerve palsy with sparing of the pupil indicate?

microvascular cause with sparing of the parasympathetic fibres including diabetes, hypertension, ischaemia

what is a surgical thrid?

full 3rd nerve palsy which can be caused by tumour, trauma, cavernous sinus thrombosis, PCA aneurysm or raised ICP

pre-ganglionic causes of Horner's syndrome (4T's)

tumour (Pancoast) trauma thyroidectomy top rib (cervical rib)

central causes of Horner's syndrome (4S's)

stroke swelling (tumour) MS syringomyelia

post-ganglionic causes of Horner's syndrome (4C's)

carotid aneurysm carotid artery dissection cavernous sinus thrombosis cluster HA

what is congenital Horner's syndrome associated with?

heterochromia

what is Holmes-Adie pupil?

unilateral dilation that is sluggish to react to light

cause of Holmes-Adie pupil

damage to post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres (viral usually)

what does Holmes-Adie syndrome present with?

absent ankle and knee reflex

diagnosis fo Holmes-Adie pupil?

pilocarpine

what is Argyll-Robertson pupil?

neurosyphilis - constricted pupil that does not react to light but accommodates

what is hordeolum externum?

infection of the glands of Zeis (sebaceous glands at the base of eyelashes) or glands of Moll (sweat glands at the base of the eyelashes)

what is hordeolum internum?

infection of the meibomian glands

what is a chalazion?

meibomian gland becomes blocked and swells, often called meibomian cyst

causes of painless red eye?

conjunctivitis episcleritis subconjunctival haemorrhage

causes of painful red eye?

``` glaucoma anterior uveitis scleritis corneal abrasion/ ulceration keratitis foreign body traumatic or chemical inury ```

what does a horseshoe tear precede?

retinal detachment

what is microbial keratitis?

acanthamoeba keratitis (associated with contact lenses)

which short-acting mydriatic assists fundoscopy?

tropicamide

what does a pizza-like appearance of the retina indicate?

CMV retinitis (HIV associated)

management of CMV retinitis?

IV ganciclovir

complication of cataract surgery?

posterior capsule opacification | endophthalmitis

define emmetropic?

no refractive error

what is gonioscopy?

mirror measures the drainage angle

what is pachymetry?

measures corneal thickness